10th U6+ Consortium of African Universities International Conference

The rise of the Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR) has generated scholarly curiosity in the relationship between technology, development, and social inclusion. Kenya's modern milestones in digital technologies have revolutionized communication, education, governance, and economic participation. In spite of this, the historical processes that shaped technological access and exclusion remain inadequately explored. This study examines the historical evolution of technological transformation in Kenya since 1895, when formal colonial administration was entrenched. Specifically, the study examines technological transformation during the colonial period, analyses technological developments in the post-independence modernization era, and evaluates the opportunities and challenges associated with digital transformation in the contemporary digital age. The study is guided by Postcolonial Theory and Digital Divide Theory and adopts a historical research design. Data will be drawn from archival sources, colonial records, government reports, policy documents, and relevant secondary literature. Particular attention is given to the intersection between technological change, education, governance, indigenous knowledge systems, and socioeconomic development. By historicizing technological transformation in Kenya since 1895, the paper contributes to ongoing debates on decolonization, inclusive innovation, and sustainable development in Africa. The study is expected to provide historical insights into the opportunities and challenges associated with building inclusive technological futures and to highlight the relevance of indigenous knowledge systems in shaping Africa's participation in the Fifth Industrial Revolution.