10th U6+ Consortium of African Universities International Conference

This study investigated the relationship between Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) and Integrated Management Plans (IMPs) in promoting sustainable development in rural settlements adjacent to protected areas, using in Northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, as a case study. Within a constructivist/interpretive paradigm, the study employed purposive sampling using semi-structured interviews followed by qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data. The investigation findings highlighted low policy literacy, limited community engagement, and exclusion of women and youth, which perpetuate inequity and weaken the sustainability of conservation and development initiatives. While governance structures and participatory forums exist, participation is largely consultative rather than transformative, reflecting Arnstein’s lower rungs of citizen participation. Traditional leaders retain legitimacy and mobilising power but are often side-lined in technical decision-making, reinforcing a top-down governance model. Nonetheless, opportunities exist in tourism-based projects, livelihood-linked conservation initiatives, and recognition of customary authority to foster stronger socio-ecological outcomes. To address these challenges, the study proposes an Inclusive Collaborative Governance Model (ICGM), grounded in inclusivity, transparency, and accountability. The model institutionalises joint IDP/IMP planning committees, participatory monitoring and evaluation, capacity-building programmes, and equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms. By bridging technical governance frameworks with grassroots legitimacy, the ICGM seeks to transform symbolic consultation into genuine collaboration, moving communities towards partnership and delegated power; and enhancing long-term socio-ecological resilience.