10th U6+ Consortium of African Universities International Conference

Incorporation of edible insect flours into baked snacks offers nutritional and functional advantages, yet formulation thresholds remain poorly defined. This study quantified the compositional, antioxidant, and sensory responses of wheat biscuits fortified with flours from Gonimbrasia belina and Hermetia illucens. Wheat flour was substituted with H. illucens or G. belina flour at 5, 10, 15, and 20 % (w/w). Proximate composition, colour attributes, antioxidant activity, and sensory acceptability were analysed using standard methods. Protein content increased significantly with insect flour inclusion (p < 0.05), reaching 17.80 % in H. illucens and 19.91 % in G. belina biscuits at the highest substitution levels. H. illucens biscuits exhibited significantly higher fat content than the control (p < 0.05), whereas intermediate inclusion levels did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). Moisture and ash contents were significantly higher in all insect-fortified samples than in the control (p < 0.05). Antioxidant indices increased significantly with substitution level (p < 0.05), with H. illucens formulations exhibiting higher total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity than G. belina. Colour darkening was inclusion-dependent, whereas lower G. belina levels showed limited colour change (p > 0.05). Sensory acceptability decreased significantly at inclusion levels above 10 % (p < 0.05). PCA revealed clear discrimination between formulations, driven by protein, ash, antioxidant indices, and colour, with PC1 and PC2 accounting for 68.97% of total variance. The results demonstrate statistically significant nutritional and antioxidant enhancement alongside inclusion-dependent sensory penalties. These findings define formulation boundaries critical for developing acceptable insect-fortified biscuits.

Understanding how insect powders interact with cereal matrices is essential for their integration into processed foods. This study investigated how Tenebrio molitor powder alters structure–function relationships in wheat-based composite flours. Composite flours containing 10, 20, and 30% T. molitor powder were analysed for compositional, physicochemical, techno-functional, thermal, and structural properties using standard analytical techniques, RVA, TGA, and FT-IR. Statistical significance was assessed at p < 0.05, and multivariate analyses were applied. Mealworm substitution significantly increased protein, fat, ash, and energy content relative to wheat flour (p < 0.05), while carbohydrate content declined proportionally (p < 0.05). Water activity decreased significantly at ≥20% inclusion (p < 0.05), indicating improved shelf-stability potential. Peak viscosity decreased from approximately 2500 cP in wheat flour to below 800 cP at 30% substitution (p < 0.05), with significant reductions in breakdown and setback viscosities (p < 0.05). TGA revealed delayed thermal degradation and higher residual mass in mealworm-rich formulations. FT-IR spectra showed progressive intensification of amide I and lipid-associated bands with increasing inclusion, confirming structural integration of insect macromolecules. PCA revealed clear clustering by inclusion level, with PC1 and PC2 accounting for 80.4% of the variance. T. molitor powder restructures wheat flour systems in a concentration-dependent manner. Moderate inclusion levels preserve functional performance while enabling meaningful nutritional enhancement.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important food security crop in Kenya, but its productivity is constrained by a relatively narrow genetic base and environmental influences on trait expression. This study evaluated genetic variability, genotype × environment (G×E) interaction, heritability, genetic advance, and trait associations among five wheat genotypes comprising two parental lines and three mutation-derived lines. Field experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications across six environments representing three locations in Kenya over two consecutive growing seasons. Grain yield, plant height, days to heading, days to maturity, tillers per plant, grains per spike, and thousand-kernel weight were evaluated. Variance components were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood (REML), while broad-sense heritability, expected genetic advance, and Pearson correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the genetic control of agronomic traits, estimate selection potential, and determine relationships among traits. Significant (P < 0.001) genotypic, environmental, and genotype × environment effects were observed for grain yield, indicating substantial genetic variability and differential responses among genotypes across environments. Grain yield exhibited moderate broad-sense heritability (H² = 0.62), with variance components of σ²G = 0.014, σ²GE = 0.021, and σ²e = 0.018. Mean grain yield ranged from 2.55 to 2.85 t ha⁻¹, with the mutant genotype NJM1 recording the highest yield (2.85 t ha⁻¹), exceeding its parental line NJP (2.55 t ha⁻¹). Grain yield was positively correlated with thousand-kernel weight (r = 0.42), while plant height and thousand-kernel weight exhibited stronger genetic control and greater potential for phenotypic selection. All the analyses were performed in R using several specialized packages. These findings demonstrate that mutation breeding generated useful genetic variability and that integrating multi-environment evaluation with heritability and genetic advance analyses provides a useful approach for identifying superior wheat genotypes for breeding in Kenya.

Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass. and Guizotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov. are common stubborn broadleaf weeds in maize-growing fields of Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. However, information on their morphological variation across agro-ecological zones and their distribution is limited. This study evaluated the morphological characteristics and distribution of Guizotia populations to support species identification and weed management. Field surveys were conducted across the upper highland, upper midland, and lower highland agro-ecological zones using a roadside sampling approach. Mature plants were collected, georeferenced using a Global Positioning System (GPS), and identified using established taxonomic keys. Plant height, number of branches, leaves, and flowers were recorded, and data analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann–Whitney U tests at a 5% significance level. The results showed significant morphological variation in G. abyssinica among sampling sites. Plant height differed significantly (F0.05 (9,90) = 3.48, p = 0.001), with the tallest plants recorded at Chirchir Farm (3.49 ± 5.15 m) and Kerita Lessos Farm (3.05±0.16 m), and the shortest at Matharu Scheme (0.54 ± 0.14 m) and Kap Francis (0.61±0.06 m). Significant differences were also observed in the number of branches, leaves, and flowers (p < 0.001), with plants from Juakali and Kerita Lessos Farm exhibiting greater vegetative growth and reproductive capacity. In contrast, G. scabra was found only at Kahuho and Kap Francis, where plant height (F0.05 (1,15) = 18.58, p = 0.001) and leaf number (Mann–Whitney U = 10.5, p = 0.014) differed significantly, while branch and flower numbers did not. The findings indicate substantial morphological variation in G. abyssinica and a restricted distribution with lower variability in G. scabra. This information provides a useful baseline for distinguishing Guizotia ecotypes, improving species identification and understanding the distribution of these economically important weedy species for purposes of better management.

Lablab purpureus (L.) is an underutilized, drought-tolerant legume with significant potential to enhance local food and feed systems. However, its widespread integration into farming systems is constrained by a narrow genetic base, late maturity, and low farm-level grain yields <1,000Kgha-1. This study utilized gamma irradiation to induce genetic variation, evaluate heritability, track molecular diversity, analyze seed composition, and establish yield stability across environments. Bulk seeds of four elite Kenyan genotypes were irradiated with 300 Gy and 400 Gy gamma rays and advanced via pedigree selection to M4 generation. Exposure to irradiation significantly modified vegetative and yield-related metrics (P≤0.05) across all lines except Eldo Kt Black I, which exhibited pronounced radio-tolerance. Heritability estimates proved that key quantitative traits among Lablab are governed by additive gene action. Genomic screening of 95 sub-selected M4 mutants using 20 SSR markers generated 105 alleles with a mean PIC of 0.58. Analysis of Molecular Variance showed that 55% of the genomic variance resided within individual lines and 45% between mutant groups. Proximate evaluations confirmed significant nutritional improvements (P ≤0.05), accession BF032 achieved peak crude protein 28.86%, while WT018, BT114, and BT039 concentrated exceptionally high phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and zinc. Multi-locational yield stability validations of 24 elite lines in selected North Rift agro-ecologies demonstrated significant genotype-by-environment interactions. One premier; WT026 (4462.10Kgha-1), climate-resilient mutant accession outperformed all lines and checks. Baringo was identified as the optimal environment for high-yielding Dolichos production. These results demonstrate that gamma irradiation is an efficient strategy to induce valuable agronomic variations and secure local food systems.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an important food crop in Kenya, especially in the semi-arid areas; many of which also have saline soils. Adoption of salt resistant varieties could improve production in these areas. Cowpeas form significant symbiotic nitrogen fixing association with Bradyrhizobium spp. Climate change could exacerbate the soil salinity posing significant challenges to both cowpea growth and its beneficial association with bradyrhizobia. Information on salt-tolerant cowpeas and associated bradyrhizobia strains is limited. This study was conducted to investigate the salt tolerance of selected Kenyan cowpea varieties and their ability to form effective nitrogen-fixing associations with Bradyrhizobia under medium to high salinity. The plants were raised in the greenhouse in sand-containing pots that were irrigated with water at 0.3, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 14.0 and 15.0 dS m-1 with six replicates. The plants were harvested at the 40th day after sowing (DAS), and measurements were made and recorded for number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf fresh weight, plant fresh height, shoot fresh weight; root number, length and weight. The plants were dried at 65C for 48 hours and assessed for root and shoot dry weight. Data on root-to-shoot ratio and percentage of water content were generated. The data was subjected to two-way analysis of variance. Counts and ratio data were log-transformed before analysis, and means were separated using Tukey test at p<0.05. The salinity significantly (P<0.05) reduced cowpea germination and growth: none of the cowpea accessions germinated at 15.0 dS m-1. The salinity significantly (P<0.05) reduced all the measured growth parameters. None of the accessions was more affected than the others, however Kunde Kubwa and Ken Kunde maintained higher growth performance at the highest salinity level. It is concluded that Cowpea variety; Kunde Kubwa and Ken Kunde are more resistant to salt stress.

Rapid urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa has intensified food and nutrition insecurity, particularly in fast-growing secondary cities where food systems are weak. This study examined the contribution of urban agriculture to household food and nutrition security in Eldoret City, Kenya, using the four pillars framework of availability, access, utilization, and stability. A mixed-methods cross-sectional design was employed, combining household survey of approximately 400 households across different residential zones with Key Informant Interviews and Focus Group Discussions. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data was thematically analysed. The findings showed that 96% of the households practice urban agriculture with 12% relying on it as the main source of livelihood. Urban agriculture contributed strongly to food availability by supplementing household food supplies and diversifying sources through vegetable and livestock production. However, it did not replace market dependence, as households remained heavily reliant on purchased food. It moderately improved food access through cost savings and limited income generation, but its buffering effect against food price volatility and income shocks was partial. Nutritional outcomes were mixed: while most households reported regular meals and moderate dietary diversity, widespread coping strategies such as portion size reduction revealed hidden food insecurity. Food stability remained fragile, with pronounced seasonal shortages and limited adoption of climate-adaptive practices. A one-way ANOVA showed statistically significant differences in agricultural productivity across zones (p=0.011), while χ2 test of independence (p > 0.05) confirmed statistically non-significant association between participation in urban agriculture and food security. In general, urban agriculture enhanced all four dimensions of food and nutrition security in Eldoret City, but unevenly. The study concluded that urban agriculture is a complementary livelihood and risk-mitigation strategy within broader urban food systems. Strengthening its contribution requires integration into urban planning, nutrition-sensitive interventions, and climate resilience strategies, particularly in secondary cities undergoing rapid transformation.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the world's most important food crops, but its productivity is highly constrained by drought stress, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa where rainfall patterns have become increasingly erratic due to climate change. Despite the growing demand for drought-resilient potato cultivars, limited information exists on the physiological responses of available potato varieties to varying levels of water deficit, hindering effective breeding and selection efforts. This study aimed to assess the physiological drought tolerance of seventeen potato varieties under controlled greenhouse conditions and identify traits and genotypes associated with improved adaptation to water stress. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with four watering regimes at 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% field capacity. Drought stress was induced at 35 days after planting, coinciding with the tuber initiation stage. Physiological parameters including chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, and biomass accumulation were evaluated. The results revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) among varieties and watering regimes for all physiological traits measured. Increasing water deficit significantly reduced chlorophyll content, RWC, stomatal conductance, and biomass, while leaf temperature increased. Plants subjected to severe drought stress (25% field capacity) recorded reductions exceeding 40% in biomass and chlorophyll content compared with the well-watered control. However, several varieties maintained significantly higher RWC, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance under both 25% and 50% field capacity, indicating superior drought tolerance mechanisms. The study demonstrated substantial genetic variability in drought response among the evaluated potato varieties and identified physiological traits that can serve as reliable indicators for screening drought tolerance. It is recommended that the tolerant varieties identified be further evaluated under field conditions and incorporated into potato breeding programmes aimed at developing climate-resilient cultivars for water-limited environments.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a critical food and income crop in Kenya, yet its narrow genetic base limits breeding progress and crop resilience. Characterizing morphological diversity among newly developed lines is essential to leverage diverse traits for future breeding programs and variety development. This study evaluated the phenotypic and morphological diversity of eight potato genotypes, comprising four novel mutant lines (Eldo-Amani, Eldo-Fanaka, Eldo-bidii, and IP4) and four commercial varieties (Shangi, Unica, Sherekea, and an additional line). The trials were conducted across five distinct locations (Eldoret, Burnt Forest, Mosoriot, Marakwet, and Nyandarua) using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Morphological diversity data were collected according to the UPOV descriptor guidelines for potato, and hierarchical cluster analysis was used to analyze phenotypic relationships. Cluster analysis successfully grouped the eight genotypes into three distinct clusters based on morphological similarity. Among the evaluated genotypes, Unica emerged as the most unique and phenotypically distant line from all others. The second cluster grouped the mutant lines Eldo-Fanaka, Eldo-Bidii, IP4, and the commercial variety Sherekea together, while Shangi and the mutant line Eldo-Amani were grouped in the third cluster. Morphological trait evaluation revealed that specific vegetative and tuber attributes had the highest contribution to total variation. Stem anthocyanin coloration was the most discriminating trait at 41.5%, followed closely by leaf midrib coloration at 30.4%, and tuber skin color at 17.8%. Overall, the study demonstrated significant morphological variation among the mutant lines and commercial varieties.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a climate-resilient cereal that plays a critical role in food security in semi-arid regions, yet its productivity is constrained by destructive fungal diseases and declining seed quality. This review synthesizes current knowledge on fungal disease dynamics in sorghum–legume intercropping systems and the ecological mechanisms through which these systems suppress pathogens and improve crop health. Major fungal diseases, including anthracnose, leaf blight, grain mold, rust, head smut, and covered kernel smut, were examined with emphasis on their epidemiology, economic impact, and implications for sustainable production. Evidence indicates that intercropping sorghum with legumes such as soybean, common bean, cowpea, pigeon pea, and groundnut significantly reduces disease incidence and severity by disrupting pathogen transmission, lowering host density, enhancing beneficial rhizosphere microbial communities, and improving soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation. The review further highlights the importance of microclimatic modifications, including improved airflow, reduced canopy humidity, shorter leaf wetness duration, and altered light interception, which collectively create unfavorable conditions for fungal infection and disease progression. Additionally, biological interactions involving root exudates, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, rhizobia, and plant growth-promoting microorganisms induce systemic resistance, promote disease-suppressive soils, and strengthen host defense responses. Allelopathic compounds released by sorghum and legumes further influence microbial ecology, nutrient cycling, weed suppression, and pathogen inhibition, contributing to agroecosystem resilience. Collectively, these ecological processes position sorghum–legume intercropping as an effective climate-smart strategy that reduces dependence on synthetic fungicides while enhancing productivity and environmental sustainability. Despite substantial progress in understanding the mechanisms underlying disease suppression, further multidisciplinary research integrating plant pathology, microbial ecology, molecular biology, and agronomy is required to optimize intercrop designs and develop resilient disease management strategies for sustainable sorghum production under changing climatic conditions.

The increasing demand for healthier ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products with reduced sodium content has intensified research into natural preservatives with antimicrobial and sensory-enhancing properties. This study investigated the effectiveness of chitosan and rosemary extract as natural preservatives in RTE polony by evaluating microbial quality, sensory characteristics and consumer preference. Four polony models were prepared: a control preserved with 20 g/kg conventional salt (P1), and three treatments preserved with natural preservatives: chitosan (P2; 10 g/kg granulated chitosan), rosemary powder (P3; 0.26 g/kg), and a combination of chitosan and rosemary (P4, 10 g/kg granulated chitosan and 0.26 g/kg rosemary powder). These concentrations were based on findings reported by Rinquest et al. (2025). Microbiological analyses were conducted in duplicate and repeated three times using the South African National Standards (SANS) methods for coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, yeasts and moulds, total viable count (TVC), and Listeria monocytogenes. No growth was detected for coliforms, E. coli, S. aureus, yeasts and moulds, or L. monocytogenes in any treatment. However, TVC results showed reduced microbial loads in the naturally preserved samples compared to the control, with counts of 1.83 log cfu/g for P1, 1.60 log cfu/g for P2, 1.50 log cfu/g for P3, and 1.60 log cfu/g for P4. All polony models complied with legislative microbiological safety limits and were considered suitable for sensory evaluation. Sensory evaluation using a 7-point hedonic scale demonstrated varying consumer preferences among treatments. While 42% of consumers preferred the control sample, the most preferred naturally preserved treatment was the chitosan model (P2), which achieved a preference score of 38%. The findings indicate that chitosan and rosemary extract can improve microbial safety while maintaining acceptable sensory quality in RTE polony products, supporting their potential application as natural preservatives in healthier processed meat formulations.

This study quantifies how climate change will alter annual temperature and precipitation across The Gambia’s five regions: West Coast, North Bank, Lower River, Central River, and Upper River, while identifying spatial hotspots of warming and drying relevant for adaptation. Using a multi-model ensemble of global climate models under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5, outputs were bias-corrected against 1981–2010 observations with Quantile Delta Mapping and validated using BCSD, then aggregated into regional and national means for three future periods (2041–2060, 2061–2080, 2081–2100). Results show robust warming in all regions and scenarios, with late-century outcomes strongly pathway-dependent: under RCP2.6, temperatures stabilise with modest increases, whereas under RCP8.5, annual means exceed 36 °C in the North Bank and approach or surpass 40 °C in the Upper River by 2100. Precipitation projections are heterogeneous but indicate a clear trend towards drying, ranging from near-stable to –5% under RCP2.6 to –20% to –25% under RCP8.5. Divergence across scenarios is modest by mid-century but pronounced by 2100, reinforcing the critical role of mitigation. The Upper River emerges as a high-risk hotspot where extreme warming and drying compound risks. As the first bias-corrected, subnational assessment for The Gambia, this study delivers policy-relevant metrics to inform climate-smart agriculture, water management, health planning, and ecosystem protection.

Mental health and wellbeing have become a concern for university students in Kenya. Cases of anxiety, depression and social distress have been reported comprising 30% of the challenges. Academic pressure, financial hardship, and limited coping mechanisms are cited as the main culprits. Traditional support structures such as religious institutions have diminished in influence, creating a gap in moral and emotional guidance. This study investigated the role of structured mentoring and life skills training in fostering resilience and holistic well-being among students. A cross-sectional mixed-methods design was employed across six universities. An online survey questionnaire was administered to students, lecturers, and staff directly involved in student mentorship, complemented by focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The results revealed that 60% of the respondents reported academic pressure as the biggest stressor, followed by financial stress at 50%. Similarly, 20% of the respondents reported use of alcohol and other drugs. Life skills training and mentoring revealed a positive impact on student well-being. 65% of the respondents agreed life skills training improved communication, 60% agreed training helped them manage stress, 55% reported improvement in self-awareness and 50% reported that the training improved optimism enabling them to have a positive outlook of life. Significant associations between demographic factors and stressors were also apparent. The year of study was significantly related to academic stress (p < 0.01). Senior students reported higher severity. Gender differences were also significant (p < 0.05). Female students experiencing greater stress from relationships compared to males. Additionally, students who participated in life skills training reported significantly lower stress from loneliness (p < 0.01). ANOVA results demonstrated that the number of training sessions attended was significantly associated with reduced academic stress (p < 0.01). Correlation analysis revealed moderate positive relationships between academic and financial stress (r = 0.41, p < 0.01) and loneliness and relationship stress (r = 0.52, p < 0.001). These findings highlight the interconnected nature of student stressors and the mitigating role of structured life skills training. The results demonstrate that mentoring and life skills training significantly enhanced students’ emotional regulation, peer relationships, and decision-making capacity, while reducing risky behaviors. The study concludes that structured mentoring and life skills programs are effective and scalable interventions for promoting student well-being. We recommend the strengthening of targeted interventions to be implemented by the universities on self-awareness, interpersonal communication, critical thinking, financial management, and drug and substance abuse prevention. Additionally, there is need for institutionalization of such programs within university frameworks, integrating them into curricula, and leveraging peer mentorship to sustain long-term impact. By strengthening resilience and adaptive skills, universities can proactively address mental health concerns, contributing to the broader goal of sustainable transformation under the Fifth Industrial Revolution.

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping industries, and auditing is no exception. This study explores the impact of AI on audit processes, focusing on its benefits, challenges, and implications for the profession. Leveraging AI technologies including machine learning and data analytics, auditors can enhance efficiency, accuracy, and risk assessment. However, integrating AI presents challenges, including the need for specialized skills, ethical concerns, and regulatory compliance. This research adopts a theoretical framework based on the Diffusion of Innovations Theory to analyze the adoption and effects of AI in auditing. The study finds that AI significantly improves the efficiency and accuracy of audit processes, enhances the quality of audit judgments, strengthens fraud detection through pattern recognition, anomaly detection, and predictive analytics. The study concludes that AI adoption by audit firms in Nigeria significantly enhances the audit process by improving efficiency, increasing the reliability of audit evidence as well as strengthening fraud detection and risk management capabilities but AI is not a replacement for human auditors but rather a tool that must complement their expertise. The study recommended that auditors should balance AI- human integration through acquisition of necessary digital capacity. collaborate with AI developers and vendors to ensure that tools designed for auditing are transparent, customizable, and aligned with professional standards, formulate clear ethical guidelines and auditing standards specific to the use of AI in auditing; all with a view to have frameworks that addresses transparency, data privacy, and accountability in AI-driven audit decisions.

Graduate unemployment remains one of the most pressing socio-economic challenges in Kenya despite the widespread integration of internship programmes into university curricula as a strategy for enhancing graduates' workplace readiness. Although internships are intended to facilitate the acquisition of practical competencies, the extent to which the quality of internship programmes contributes to employability skills development remains insufficiently understood. Existing empirical studies have predominantly examined internship participation as a homogeneous experience, with limited attention to the multidimensional nature of internship programme quality and virtually no evidence from the Kenyan context on the moderating influence of supervisor support. This study, therefore, seeks to examine the influence of internship programme quality on employability skills development among Kenyan graduates, while assessing the moderating role of supervisor support. Specifically, the study examines the influence of skills preparedness and development, feedback and evaluation, and mentorship quality on graduates' employability skills development, and determines whether supervisor support strengthens these relationships. The study is anchored on Experiential Learning Theory, Human Capital Theory, and Mentorship Theory, which collectively explain how structured workplace learning, investment in human capital, and effective supervisory relationships enhance graduate employability. Guided by a positivist research philosophy, the study will employ a cross-sectional descriptive correlational research design. The target population comprises 1,200 graduates from Kenyan universities who completed mandatory internship programmes within the previous three years. A sample of 300 respondents will be selected using stratified random sampling. Primary data will be collected through a structured online questionnaire. Data will be analysed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies, means, and standard deviations, while hypotheses and moderation effects will be tested using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with interaction terms. Ethical principles of informed consent, voluntary participation, confidentiality, and anonymity will be strictly observed throughout the study. The findings are expected to provide empirical evidence to universities, employers, policymakers, and professional bodies on how improving internship programme quality and strengthening supervisor support can enhance graduates' employability skills and contribute to addressing graduate unemployment in Kenya.

Kenya’s athletics has achieved global recognition, yet para-athletes remain underrepresented in sponsorships, branding, and visibility. This study examines the relationship between federation structure and athlete marketing support, focusing on implications for para-athlete inclusion. Guided by the Sports Policy Leading to International Sporting Success (SPLISS) framework and organizational structure theory, the study employed a quantitative explanatory design. Data were collected using a structured seven-point Likert scale questionnaire administered to athletes registered with Athletics Kenya and Paralympics Kenya. The target population comprised 6,300 able-bodied athletes across three high-density counties (Nandi, Elgeyo Marakwet, and Uasin Gishu) and 100 para-athletes officially registered with Paralympics Kenya. A stratified multistage sampling technique was applied to ensure representativeness across both groups, proportionally allocating respondents and using systematic and random sampling within strata. The final sample analyzed consisted of 469 athletes (369 able-bodied, 100 para-athletes). Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that federation structure exerts a strong, significant influence on athlete marketing support (β = .443, p < .001). Well-structured federations enhance sponsorship frameworks, branding initiatives, and athlete visibility. However, qualitative insights highlight that para-athletes often remain excluded from these benefits due to stigma, fragmented support systems, and limited institutional prioritization. This exclusion perpetuates disparities in performance outcomes, as marketing support is the strongest predictor of athlete success in Kenya. The study underscores the need for federations to adopt inclusive practices that integrate para-athletes into marketing strategies. Policy recommendations include transparent resource allocation, disability-inclusive sponsorship frameworks, and targeted media campaigns to elevate para-athlete visibility. Embedding marketing support within equitable federation structures can empower para-athletes, close performance gaps, and advance Kenya’s leadership in inclusive sport development.

Digital transformation has contributed to significant changes in business processes, and the resulting agility seems to be a critical success factor for competitiveness and innovativeness. When adopting disruptive digital solutions, organizations expect agility to play a significant role. Recently, technological transformations have generated increasing interest, and some research studies have concentrated on the digital opportunities for improving business performance. Other studies have investigated innovations in organizational systems about the acceptance and adoption of new computerized platforms. In contrast, not much research has been conducted on digitalization that broadly enables agility and, more specifically, when it impacts the risk of organizational and strategic rigidity traps with the possibility of business failure. The impact of ICT transformation on organizational performance with a focus on emerging economies has been understudied in scholarly research. In this respect, the current research intends to examine the above-mentioned connection in Kenya. Specifically, the study aims to understand the circumstances in which digital transformation impacts organizational performance and agility as the intervening factor. Agility seems indispensable for survival and growth in current and future environments. Nevertheless, opportunities derive from digitalization, and several risks emerge from the continuous integration of data and activities. The study adopts a cross-sectional survey design targeting senior and middle-level managers from commercial banks operating in Kenya. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The findings reveal that digital transformation significantly and positively influences organizational performance, with strategic agility strengthening this relationship. The study contributes to the strategic management literature by demonstrating the importance of agility in achieving long-term organizational success in dynamic environments. The findings offer practical advice to bank managers and policymakers seeking to enhance competitiveness and sustainability within the banking sector.

The Fifth Industrial Revolution emphasizes human-centered, inclusive, and intelligent systems that integrate advanced technologies with human experience. In hospitality, smart systems powered by artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, and automation are reshaping service delivery within digital service ecosystems. This study examines the influence of service accuracy in AI-enabled services on customer satisfaction in automated five-star hotel restaurants in Nairobi, Kenya. Guided by the E-SERVQUAL model, Six Sigma framework, and Technology Acceptance Model, the study adopts a quantitative approach to evaluate how automation enhances service accuracy in order processing, billing, and payment systems. Findings reveal that automation improves service accuracy by reducing errors and enhancing consistency, leading to higher customer satisfaction. However, the human–technology interface significantly influences outcomes, as customer perceptions depend on system usability, accessibility, and ease of interaction. Aligned with 5IR principles, the study highlights that while automation strengthens digital service quality, its effectiveness depends on human-centered innovation and inclusive system design. Poor interface design and limited digital literacy may constrain the benefits of smart systems, particularly in developing contexts. The study contributes to the understanding of smart hospitality adoption in Africa and addresses gaps in empirical research within Nairobi’s high-end restaurant sector.

Digital credit markets in East Africa have expanded rapidly, driving financial inclusion for thin-file borrowers via mobile money ecosystems. Conventional credit scoring relies heavily on correlation-based machine learning, which propagates structural biases, conflates spurious associations with actual default drivers, and fails systematically during macroeconomic volatility. This paper evaluates CreditPulse, an open-source Causal AI framework designed to decouple statistical correlations from genuine causal default mechanisms to facilitate equitable risk assessment. Validated on 307,511 loan applications, the framework integrates a multi-layered pipeline combining causal inference (Difference-in-Differences [DiD] and Regression Discontinuity [RD] designs), Bayesian uncertainty quantification via bootstrap ensembles, regulatory Natural Language Processing, and production-grade machine learning classifiers (XGBoost, Random Survival Forest, and Isolation Forest). The predictive pipeline achieved an XGBoost AUC-ROC of 0.7415 and a survival C-index of 0.8130. Econometric evaluations isolated a statistically significant income-shock causal coefficient of -0.1125 (p = 0.002) via DiD, and a Local Average Treatment Effect of 0.0058 (p = 0.0028) via RD. Furthermore, segment-level fairness audits verified that demographic approval disparities reflect genuine risk differentials rather than systemic algorithmic bias, ensuring alignment with IFRS 9 and Central Bank of Kenya regulations. Fusing rigorous causal econometrics with predictive machine learning proves that high diagnostic power, structural transparency, and regulatory compliance can successfully coexist within a unified open-source architecture. Digital lenders and financial regulators in emerging markets should transition from purely associative models to causal AI frameworks to mitigate systemic credit risk, improve portfolio resilience, and guarantee algorithmic fairness.

The study explores the entrepreneurial ecosystem of underdog entrepreneurs in Kibera informal settlements in Kenya to determine the enablers of their entrepreneurial success. The study is based on a case study research design, deriving data from 50 participants using semi-structured in-depth interviews as the research instrument. The study reveals that voluntary savings and loaning groups locally known as ‘chamas’ are the most significant enablers. Other substantial enablers are technology, government, non-governmental organizations, family, and training. The findings of the study have important implications for considerations by various stakeholders. Underdog entrepreneurs need more support from institutions in the ecosystem. The paper highlights the need for learning institutions such as universities and technical institutes to take a more proactive stance in supporting underdog entrepreneurs by offering them training in knowledge and skills on management of small businesses, and also in leadership skills to enhance management of the ‘chamas.’ Likewise, the government should improve the business environment of underdog entrepreneurs, and reduce the burden of procuring technology so that they can access it more efficiently and cheaply.

Farm input distribution companies in Kenya play a vital role in supporting agricultural productivity and food security, yet many continue to experience declining competitiveness characterized by stagnant market share, weak customer retention, and limited product innovation. Product development strategy has increasingly emerged as a critical growth strategy for enhancing competitive advantage in dynamic and highly competitive markets. This study sought to establish the effect of product development strategy on the competitive advantage of farm input distribution companies in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study was anchored on Dynamic Capabilities Theory and adopted a correlational research design. The target population comprised all 238 registered farm input distribution companies in Nakuru County; a census approach was used, with the 24 firms located in Naivasha Sub-County reserved for the pilot study, leaving 214 firms in the main study. The firm was the unit of analysis, while one senior manager responsible for strategic planning, marketing, or operations served as the unit of observation, and 160 valid questionnaires were returned, representing a response rate of 74.8%. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires, and data analysis involved descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and simple linear regression analysis using SPSS Version 27. The findings revealed that product development strategy had a strong positive and statistically significant relationship with competitive advantage (r = 0.831, p = 0.000). Regression analysis indicated that product development strategy explained 69.1% of the variation in competitive advantage (R² = 0.691). The ANOVA results further confirmed that the regression model was statistically significant (F = 353.188, p = 0.000). The regression coefficients revealed that product development strategy had a positive and statistically significant effect on competitive advantage (β = 0.828, t = 18.793, p = 0.000). The study concluded that investment in research and development, product innovation, and process innovation significantly enhance the competitive advantage of farm input distribution companies. The study recommends that farm input distribution companies prioritize investment in research and development, institutionalize customer-driven innovation, and strengthen product differentiation and continuous process improvement in order to enhance market share, customer loyalty, and brand awareness.

Abstract
This study examines the influence of public sector regulatory frameworks on the strategic competitiveness of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in South Africa. The research is motivated by growing concerns that regulatory environments, while intended to ensure accountability and governance, may inadvertently constrain the performance and competitiveness of SOEs. A quantitative research approach using descriptive research design was employed, with data collected through structured questionnaires administered to management and regulatory authorities within selected SOEs. Statistical techniques, including correlation and regression analysis, were used to evaluate the relationship between regulatory compliance and key indicators of competitiveness. The findings indicate that poorly implemented regulations, inconsistent enforcement, and excessive compliance requirements negatively affect operational efficiency, financial performance, and strategic agility. In particular, regulatory burdens were found to contribute to administrative delays, slower decision-making processes, and reduced capacity for innovation and market responsiveness. The study concludes that while regulation remains essential for transparency and accountability, there is a need for more balanced and adaptive regulatory approaches. The findings have important implications for policymakers and SOE leadership, suggesting that streamlined and context-sensitive regulatory frameworks could enhance competitiveness while maintaining effective governance.

This study investigates the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in teaching Arabic Literature, aiming to enhance learning outcomes and engagement in this traditionally rich and complex subject. By analyzing the current landscape of AI applications in education and the unique challenges of teaching Arabic Literature, this research explores the potential benefits and limitations in this context. Through a review of relevant literature and case studies, the study showcases how AI tools such as natural language processing, machine learning, and sentiment analysis can be utilized to personalize learning experiences, provide instant feedback, and foster deeper comprehension of Arabic literary texts. Furthermore, the study examines the cultural implications and ethical considerations associated with the use of AI in teaching Arabic Literature, emphasizing the importance of preserving the authenticity and nuances of the Arabic language and literary heritage. In conclusion, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on the intersection of AI and humanities education, offering insights into the transformative potential of AI in enriching the teaching and learning of Arabic Literature.

Demographic shifts, geopolitical uncertainty, evolving workforce demands, and rising expectations for high-quality digital experiences are creating unprecedented disruption across the higher education sector. Institutions face increasing pressure to respond to the demands of a rapidly changing world and must adapt to these emerging realities. The global shift toward digitalization in higher education has exposed significant disparities in access and implementation in the Global South. This research examined the complexities of digital education in Brazil, Indonesia, South Africa, and Uganda, highlighting the unique challenges these countries face due to limited technological infrastructure, socioeconomic barriers, and policy inconsistencies. This study employed a comparative case study approach to understand the complex, multi-dimensional nature of digital education in developing countries, as it enables the exploration of both commonalities and unique factors influencing digital transformation in higher education. The research recognised while digitalization offers significant opportunities for improving educational access and quality, it also presents substantial challenges, particularly in regions with inadequate infrastructure and high levels of socio-economic inequality. The findings of this study contribute to the broader understanding of digital education in developing contexts, offering valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and researchers. This paper through a descriptive paradigm reflects not just what the future may hold, but potentially deeper changes in the relationship between universities and their past, present, and future. Given that learning journeys are entirely flexible and customizable, Universities must remain relevant and must reinvent themselves by adapting and delivering through hybrid models that accommodate both synchronous and asynchronous learning.

The shift to Competency-Based Education and Training (CBET) in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions has enhanced students’ competencies. However, critical strategic mechanisms remain essential to maximize learning outcomes. This study investigated the strategic interventions perceived by Information and Communication Technology (ICT) trainers in implementing CBET and improving the employability skills of students in the dynamic ICT field. The study was based on a mixed-methods convergent design, grounded in an interpretive research paradigm. Structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used to gather data from a purposive sample of 32 ICT trainers and 9 Heads of Departments in 9 TVET institutions. Multiple linear regression statistics (F = 3.213, ρ = 0.028) were used to analyze quantitative data, while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The findings indicated that alternative performance-based assessment was viewed as a crucial strategy to assess competency acquisition among students (Mean = 4.53), provision of adequate financial and infrastructural resources (Mean = 3.97), adapting the ICT curriculum to the changing needs of the market (Mean = 4.44) and keeping teachers continuously trained on both pedagogical and technical issues (Mean = 4.28) were found to be critical strategies. The study concludes that for effective CBET implementation, a transition from policy formulation to operationalization is crucial. It suggests that the Ministry of Education, TVET administrators, and policy makers should consider investing heavily in Continuous Professional Development (CPD), allocating more time for practical sessions, providing adequate infrastructure and financial resources, as well as creating strong industry partnerships to address the skills gap and ensure students adapt to the modern digital job market.

Digital transformation has become a defining feature of 21st-century economic development. For Africa - particularly Nigeria, the continent’s most populous nation with over 220 million people and a median age below 19. Digital technologies represent a strategic opportunity to harness the demographic dividend through youth empowerment and entrepreneurship. However, digital access alone does not necessarily translate into economic empowerment. Skill development, institutional coordination, infrastructure investment, and policy coherence are critical mediating factors. This paper provides a comprehensive empirical analysis of digital transformation and youth skill development across Africa, with detailed Nigeria-specific evidence. Drawing on Human Capital Theory, Innovation Systems Theory, and the Capability Approach, the study synthesizes data from the World Bank, Nigeria’s National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), GSM Association, International Telecommunication Union, African Development Bank, and venture capital reports to assess digital infrastructure, skill gaps, youth unemployment patterns, fintech growth, startup ecosystems, and gender disparities. Findings indicate that while Nigeria leads Africa in fintech investment and startup funding, structural constraints, especially electricity deficits, broadband costs, uneven educational quality, and financing barrier limit inclusive digital entrepreneurship. The paper proposes an integrated Digital Youth Empowerment Ecosystem Model tailored to Nigeria and comparable African economies and concludes with detailed policy recommendations for scalable and inclusive transformation.

The study examined the relationship between sports participation and learner retention among Primary School children in Karamoja region, Uganda. One specific objective was stated to guide this study. One Null Hypothesis was formulated which is, “there is no significant effect of sports participation on learner retention among Primary school children in Karamoja region, Uganda.” The relationships focused on: willingness to stay in school, reduced dropout, reduced absenteeism, school belonging and continued enrollment across classes. Across-sectional descriptive survey design with a mixed-methods approach was employed where both quantitative and qualitative data was collected and analysed. The study was conducted in 44 Primary schools. A total target population of 7938 was involved in the study with a sample size of 594. The researcher used purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Quantitative data was collected from 539 respondents (352 pupils, 88 class teachers, 88 sports teachers, and 11 District Sports Officers) using structured questionnaires, achieving a 96.4% response rate. Qualitative data was gathered through 7 key informant interviews with District Inspectors of Schools and 5 Focus Group Discussions with 44 head teachers. Quantitative data was analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics (version 27) to get frequencies, means, medians, standard deviations, and inferential statistics (Spearman's correlation, linear regression with bootstrapping. Qualitative data was transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis in NVivo (version 15). The findings revealed that sports participation significantly enhances learner retention through increased willingness to stay in school (Mean=4.50, SD=0.832), reduced prolonged absenteeism (Mean=4.46, SD=0.841), and strengthened sense of school belonging (Mean=4.33, SD=0.820). A strong, positive, and statistically significant correlation was found between sports participation and learner retention (ρ = 0.725, p < .001). Critically, regression analysis established that sports participation explains 50.5% of the variance in learner retention (R² = 0.505). Relationships among variables were established using Pearson correlation coefficients while null hypothesis was tested using simultaneous linear regression coefficients at a confidence interval of 99%. The major recommendations were that ;(1) Ministry of Education and Sports should mandate structured sports as a formal learner retention strategy in all Karamoja schools, (2) Establish school-based leagues by District Education Officers (3) Schools should maintain at least two trained coaches per school and prioritize recruiting female coaches to address gender-specific learner retention barriers. Ministry of Education and Sports should link sports participation to scholarships, certificates, and progression incentives, as these emerged as powerful motivational tools.

The study investigated school administrators’ knowledge and awareness of teachers’ mental health and how it relates to teachers’ psychological well-being in primary schools in Ilorin South Local Government Area of Kwara State. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population comprised 5,445 primary school teachers and 337 school administrators in Ilorin South Local Government Area of Kwara State. A sample of 359 teachers was selected from the population using a stratified random sampling technique. The teachers were first stratified based on relevant characteristics such as school type (public and private schools) to ensure adequate representation of the different categories within the population. Thereafter, respondents were selected proportionately from each stratum through simple random sampling. In addition, all the 337 school administrators in the study area were included in the study using the census technique because their number was manageable and accessible. Two self-constructed instruments, namely the Teachers’ Mental Health (TMH) Rating Scale and the School Administrator Knowledge and Awareness of Teachers’ Mental Health (SAKATMH) Questionnaire, were used for data collection. The instruments were validated by experts in Early Childhood and Primary Education, while reliability was established using Cronbach’s Alpha, yielding coefficients of 0.83 and 0.81, respectively. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions, while independent samples t-test was used to test the hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed a high level of teachers’ mental health (M = 3.64), a high level of administrators’ knowledge (M = 3.38), and a high level of administrators’ awareness of teachers’ mental health (M = 3.37). The study further showed no significant gender differences in teachers’ mental health (t = -0.19, p > .05), administrators’ knowledge (t = 0.66, p > .05), and awareness (t = 0.78, p > .05). The study concluded that teachers’ mental health and administrators’ awareness are generally high and not influenced by gender. It was recommended that continuous counselling support, regular training, and standardized mental health awareness programmes be strengthened across schools to sustain teachers’ well-being.

Kenya's transition from the 8-4-4 system to Competency-Based Education (CBE) in 2017 represents one of sub-Saharan Africa's most ambitious curriculum reforms. The pivotal shift from Grade 6 (Upper Primary) to Grade 7 (Junior Secondary School, JSS) demands that learners navigate increased academic demands, specialist teaching and competency-based assessment within environments originally designed for primary education. Despite this transition's significance, existing literature often addresses macro-level policy shifts or infrastructural deficits in isolation. This integrative review addresses this gap by synthesizing empirical research, policy documents and grey literature from 2017 to 2026. The review employed narrative synthesis, reflexive thematic analysis and framework analysis. Findings reveal severe system readiness deficits undermining CBE's transformative vision. Infrastructure deficiencies indicated that public primary school possessed science few laboratories at JSS rollout, less than 40% had adequate classroom space, and 87.5% of public JSS institutions lacked ICT tools. The teacher shortage exceeds 72,000 against a requirement of 149,350, with 87.8% of deployed teachers lacking subject expertise and 88.7% receiving inadequate administrative support. Combined capitation shortfalls of KSh 117 billion over four years, delayed disbursements, and cost-shifting to parents further destabilize implementation. Learner adaptation was challenged by cognitive overload from a 60% increase in learning areas, the social limbo created by domiciling adolescents in primary schools where 91% of Grade 7 learners report environments unconducive for JSS and modest KJSEA outcomes with 75% of the pioneer cohort scoring approaching expectation. Assessment practices inconsistently implemented reproduce 8-4-4 examination culture within the CBE framework. Equity gaps are widening through public-private divides in infrastructure and teacher quality, urban-rural digital disparities, and concentrated underfunding in marginalized regions. Policy instability from 8-4-4 to CBC to CBE and from secondary to primary school domiciling has eroded implementation fidelity. The review concludes that this transition represents ambitious reform launched without necessary preconditions. Six policy recommendations address financing, teacher deployment, infrastructure, assessment, governance, and equity. Future research directions included learner voice research and cost-effectiveness analysis.

The debate on the integration of indigenous knowledge (IK) in science education is often framed as a monocultural dialogue where indigenous people are presented as if they were a homogenous group with universal knowledge called IK. This article interrogates this view and demonstrates how teachers can tap into the repertoire of IKs in a multicultural class to teach Natural Sciences. A qualitative case study guided by the interpretive paradigm and the sociocultural theory was conducted at a university in South Africa, to explore how to support B.Ed. Natural Sciences teachers to integrate learners’ diverse IKs on alcoholic fermentation in science education. Two expert community members (ECM) from South Africa and Namibia, were invited to demonstrate how to make the African traditional beverages of umqombothi and oshikundu respectively, to a culturally diverse group of B.Ed. Natural Sciences in-service teachers. Working in groups of four, the teachers observed, recorded and analysed the processes to identify the scientific concepts embedded in them that they could use to teach Natural Sciences. Data was collected through observations and the teachers’ reflective journals. This study revealed that, contrary to the commonly held view that cultural diversity is a hindrance to the integration of IK in science education, it actually creates a rich learning environment where learners can conceptualize scientific phenomena through different cultural lenses found in their communities. It also showed that, if supported and given back the agency to explore ways of integrating IK in science lessons, teachers can generate novel and innovative ways of integrating IK in science lessons.

In Africa, the COVID-19 epidemic increased graduate unemployment and sped up structural changes toward platform-based entrepreneurship, digitally mediated jobs, and informal labour markets. Digital skills have become particularly important kinds of employability capital in this scenario. This study looks at the relationship between the development of digital skills and the perception of employability among South African Open Distance and e-Learning (ODeL) university students, with a focus on entrepreneurial recovery readiness in the wake of the pandemic. The study used a quantitative cross-sectional survey design and was based on the Technology Acceptance Model and Human Capital Theory. A standardized questionnaire measuring ICT literacy, digital problem-solving skills, online communication and collaboration (OCC) skills, perceived job readiness, adaptability and career agility, and entrepreneurial recovery readiness was used to gather data from 423 final-year ODeL students. Regression analysis, Pearson correlation, and descriptive statistics were used.Findings reveal high levels of foundational ICT literacy (M=4.06) and online communication and collaboration skills (M=4.13), but comparatively weaker technical troubleshooting capabilities (M=3.66), indicating a “digital proficiency paradox.” Correlation analysis shows significant positive relationships between digital skills and perceived employability, with OCC demonstrating the strongest association with adaptability and career agility (r=0.709, p<0.01). Regression results indicate that digital skills explain 26.8% of the variance in entrepreneurial recovery readiness (R²=0.268, p<0.001). Online communication and collaboration (β=0.362, p<0.001) and digital problem-solving skills (β=0.234, p<0.001) significantly predict entrepreneurial readiness, while basic ICT literacy shows no significant independent effect. The study concludes that advanced digital collaboration and problem-solving competencies, rather than foundational ICT literacy alone, constitute the primary drivers of employability and entrepreneurial recovery in post-pandemic African labour markets. The findings provide evidence-based implications for ODeL curriculum innovation, youth employment strategies, and digital entrepreneurship development aligned with inclusive economic recovery objectives.

The condition of sanitary facilities in primary schools remains a growing concern, as inadequate access to such facilities can negatively affect the health, dignity, and overall well-being of school pupils. This concern is particularly evident in rural and semi-urban communities where sanitation infrastructure is often overlooked. This study assessed the availability and utilisation of sanitary facilities in primary schools in Oyun Local Government Area of Kwara State. Two research questions and two null hypotheses were generated for the study. A descriptive survey research design was adopted. The population comprised 9,197 primary school pupils in 71 primary schools in Oyun Local Government Area of Kwara State. A sample of 370 pupils was selected through a multistage sampling technique. Two researcher-designed instruments were used for data collection: the Checklist on the Availability of Sanitary Facilities in Primary Schools (AASFPS) and the Utilisation of Sanitary Facilities in Primary Schools Rating Scale (USFPSRS). Both instruments were face and content validated by lecturers in the Department of Early Childhood and Primary Education. Reliability coefficients of 0.80 and 0.81 were obtained for the AASFPS and USFPSRS respectively, using the test-retest method. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, while independent samples t-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed a moderate level of availability of sanitary facilities (mean = 1.89) and a moderate level of utilisation (mean = 2.87). Significant differences were found in both availability (t(368) = .835, p < 0.05) and utilisation (t(236) = .341, p < 0.05) based on location. The study concludes that sanitary facilities in primary schools in Oyun Local Government Area of Kwara State are moderately available and moderately utilised, with school location playing a significant role in both availability and utilisation. It was recommended that government and education authorities should prioritise equitable distribution and provision of sanitary facilities across all school locations.

This study explored funding models and the effectiveness of support services in public universities in Kenya and Nigeria using a qualitative research approach. The study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of how funding structures influence the delivery, accessibility, and quality of institutional support services in selected public universities across both countries. The research was grounded in the need to examine contextual realities that shape financial management and service provision in higher education institutions. The study adopted a multiple case study design. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 35 key stakeholders, including university administrators, heads of support service units, bursars, directors of academic planning, and student affairs officers. In addition, focus group discussions were conducted with postgraduate and undergraduate students to capture their lived experiences of institutional support services. Purposive sampling was used to select participants with relevant knowledge and experience. Data were analysed thematically using an inductive approach, allowing patterns, meanings, and interpretations to emerge from participants’ responses. Findings revealed that funding models in both Kenyan and Nigerian public universities are predominantly government-dependent, with limited diversification of revenue sources. Participants reported that this heavy reliance on government subventions often results in delayed fund disbursement, inadequate resource allocation, and restricted autonomy in financial decision-making. These challenges were found to negatively affect the provision of key support services such as ICT infrastructure, library resources, student counselling, accommodation, and academic advisory services. The study further found that universities with more flexible or diversified funding arrangements tended to provide relatively better support services, although such cases were limited. Participants emphasized that inefficiencies in funding structures directly influence service quality, staff motivation, and student satisfaction. Students particularly expressed concerns about inadequate access to learning resources and inconsistent administrative support. The study concluded that the effectiveness of support services in public universities in Kenya and Nigeria is closely linked to the nature and sustainability of funding models. It recommended the need for improved financial autonomy, enhanced accountability mechanisms, and diversification of funding sources through partnerships and internally generated revenue. The study contributes to qualitative insights on higher education financing and institutional support systems in African universities.

School fires and student unrest have plagued Kenya's education system for over a century, escalating from isolated protests in the early 1900s to catastrophic dormitory infernos that have claimed hundreds of lives and destroyed property worth billions of shillings. Despite six major presidential task forces and commissions between 1991 and 2017 and comprehensive policy frameworks including the Safety Standards Manual for Schools in Kenya (2008), the crisis has persisted and intensified, with the 2024 Endarasha tragedy (21 deaths), the 2026 Utumishi fire (16 deaths), and 37 school fire incidents recorded by June 2026. The phenomenon is increasingly recognized not as a disciplinary or fire-safety problem alone, but as a systemic crisis of educational governance. This scoping review aimed to systematically map the existing evidence on the patterns, causes and governance lessons of recurring school fires and student unrest in Kenya, identify gaps in knowledge, and inform evidence-based policy reform. Guided by the Arksey and O'Malley (2005) framework and the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews, and reported in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR checklist, a comprehensive search was conducted across academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, Google Scholar, AJOL), grey literature repositories (Ministry of Education reports, parliamentary inquiries, National Crime Research Centre publications, Auditor General reports, NGO assessments), and media archives. Data were charted using a standardized extraction form and synthesized through descriptive and thematic analysis. The evidence revealed a cyclical, crisis-driven pattern of unrest peaking during societal disruptions (post-election violence, pandemic closures) and examination periods, with 99% of incidents occurring in public boarding secondary schools. Causal factors were remarkably consistent across three decades: overcrowded and unsafe dormitories (84% of sources), poor food quality and quantity (80%), autocratic school administration (78%), examination pressure (74%), lack of student participation or voice (72%), inadequate fire safety equipment (70%), absent guidance and counseling services (68%), and unfair disciplinary enforcement (62%). Governance responses were overwhelmingly reactive; six official inquiries produced parallel diagnoses and recommendations, yet the Office of the Auditor General (2023) confirmed chronic implementation failure attributable to understaffing, inadequate logistics, and minimal supervision. The 2024 Ministry of Education safety audit of 3,199 schools found 348 operating in gross violation of safety standards, but structural audits did not prevent subsequent lethal incidents. Critical evidence gaps included the absence of student-centered research, longitudinal studies, implementation science, and rigorous evaluation of interventions. Recurring school fires and student unrest in Kenya constitute a governance paradox: the state has repeatedly diagnosed the disease but failed to administer the treatment. The crisis is rooted in a colonially inherited authoritarian school culture that denies students participatory voice, concentrates adolescents in overcrowded and under-resourced boarding institutions, and lacks the regulatory capacity to enforce its own safety standards. Breaking this cycle requires a paradigm shift from reactive, securitized responses to preventive, participatory governance characterized by institutionalized student representation, mandatory follow-through mechanisms for inquiry recommendations, phased decongestion of boarding schools, ring-fenced budgets for welfare and counseling services, and the establishment of a permanent, independent National School Safety and Welfare Commission.

Poverty, conflict/crisis, climate change, and poor agricultural practices have been the major contributors to food insecurity in Nigeria, particularly in the cosmopolitan Ilorin Emirate. low income, poor educational system, oil dependency, unemployment, laziness, health challenges, environmental degradation, bad governance, and debt burden have been interconnected to trigger food insecurity in the Emirate. There has been an insurgency of conflicting interests between farmers and herders, a situation that has led to crises, incessant killings, and destruction of properties. The greenhouse gas emissions, irregular rainfall during the rainy seasons, in addition to poor agricultural systems and practices, have significantly contributed to food insecurity in the Emirate. Therefore, the Emirate has been in precarious economic, political, social, and cultural conditions. This work aims to historically appraise several individual steps adopted by a few individuals to mitigate food insecurity and create economic opportunities and stability in the Emirate. Qualitative and quantitative research approaches are employed in this work. The method used involved oral interviews, case studies, participant observation, sampling techniques, and data analysis (descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression, and principal component analysis). The research concluded that food crises and economic hardship could be mitigated in the cosmopolitan Ilorin Emirate through the adoption and sustainability of bioresources/climate-smart/traditional practices in animal production, a sector of the broader economy.

Pastoralist communities in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) of Northern Kenya have long relied on highly sophisticated Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) to navigate extreme climate variability. However, accelerating climate change, socio-ecological pressures, and technocratic policy frameworks increasingly threaten the continuity and operational authority of these traditional practices. This paper review synthesizes research on the role, efficacy, and structural challenges of IKS in climate adaptation among Northern Kenyan pastoralists, evaluating how local expertise interacts with formal climate governance. Following a systematic review methodology, this paper analyzes recent empirical literature, case studies, and policy frameworks concerning traditional ecological knowledge across major pastoralist communities, including the Turkana, Somali, Borana, and Rendille. Thematic synthesis served as the primary analytical method and narrative summaries were generated to cross-examine study characteristics. The review demonstrates that indigenous practices such as monitoring animal behavior and plant phenology, managing grass reserves, and enforcing customary resource laws significantly reduce climate vulnerabilities and livestock mortality. Despite this high efficacy, these systems face severe degradation due to land fragmentation, changing social dynamics that disrupt intergenerational knowledge transmission and persistent epistemic injustice where formal institutions routinely prioritize Western scientific data over indigenous worldviews. Building meaningful climate resilience in Northern Kenya requires moving away from the tokenistic inclusion of local communities toward genuine epistemic pluralism. Sustainable adaptation depends on institutionalizing hybrid early warning frameworks, formalizing cross-border governance platforms, and implementing co-produced, gender-responsive research methodologies that treat pastoralists as equal partners and primary rights holders in climate action.

Land use and land cover (LULC) change is a major driver of freshwater ecosystem degradation, yet its cascading effects on aquatic biota through water quality remain poorly quantified in East African reservoir systems. This study examined (i) the influence of LULC change on water quality, and (ii) the synergistic effects of LULC and water quality on tadpole abundance across three Ziwa Reservoirs differing in surrounding land-use intensity. Physicochemical parameters and nutrients were monitored alongside LULC classification, and tadpoles (n = 12,202) were sampled across sites and seasons. Procrustes analysis revealed a significant concordance between LULC gradients and water quality profiles (m² = 0.361, p = 0.001), confirming that catchment-level land-use intensification directly reshapes reservoir water chemistry. Hurdle generalized linear mixed models showed that elevated nitrite (OR = 4.10, p = 0.003) and ammonium (OR = 3.40, p = 0.021) concentrations, both linked to LULC-driven nutrient loading, significantly increased the odds of tadpole presence. Notably, a dissolved oxygen threshold near 2 mg/L functioned as a habitability cutoff, below which tadpoles were effectively excluded, with reactive nitrogen compounds predicting population dynamics above this threshold. These findings demonstrate a hierarchical threshold-mediation pathway linking LULC intensification to reservoir habitability for anuran larvae, offering a mechanistic basis for using tadpole assemblages as bioindicators of aquatic ecosystem health under land-use change.

Wetlands are biodiversity hotspots that provide essential habitats for birds but are increasingly threatened by habitat modification and anthropogenic disturbance. Understanding how bird communities vary across wetland landscapes is fundamental for effective conservation planning. This study assessed bird diversity, richness, abundance, and spatial distribution across natural and modified wetlands in Busia, Kisumu, and Siaya counties, western Kenya, while examining the influence of habitat characteristics and disturbance gradients on bird community structure. Bird surveys were conducted along 18 transects across natural and modified wetlands representing varying disturbance levels. Species richness, abundance, Shannon–Wiener and Simpson diversity indices were calculated, while two-way ANOVA tested the effects of study site and transect type. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and spatial mapping were used to evaluate bird species distribution and relationships with environmental variables. A total of 7,039 individual birds representing 180 species from 60 families were recorded. Species richness varied significantly among counties (F = 4.40, p = 0.035), whereas transect type had no significant effect on richness (p = 0.202) or abundance (p = 0.317). Spatial analyses showed distinct county-level patterns, with Siaya supporting the highest species richness and diversity, Kisumu the greatest abundance but lower diversity due to species dominance, and Busia intermediate bird community structure. PCA identified riparian vegetation, plantation cover, disturbance intensity, and local environmental conditions as the primary factors structuring bird community composition and distribution. These findings highlight the importance of habitat quality and environmental gradients in shaping bird communities across Western Kenya wetlands. Protecting natural wetlands, conserving riparian vegetation, and promoting sustainable land-use practices will be critical for maintaining avian biodiversity and ecological resilience in the region.

The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of Environmental Education and awareness in Waste management and Promoting environmental Sustainability. Environmental degradation and waste management challenges persist in Ilorin West Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria posing significant threats to the health, well-being, and sustainable development of the community. Questionnaires of closed-ended and open-ended were used to collate information on demographic characteristics, perceptions and attitudes towards waste management, refuse dumps and disposal. Direct observations of refuse dumps and waste management practices in the study area were employed. It has been acknowledged that barriers to environmental education and sustainability are low participation in waste reduction and sustainability efforts by individuals, insufficient knowledge about environmental issues prevents effective engagement in sustainable practices. Inadequate policies, insufficient support for environmental initiatives constitutes major barrier to effective waste management. The Government need to combat illegal dumping by Increasing surveillance and penalties for illegal dumping practices and implement community clean-up programs and provide accessible waste disposal options to discourage illegal dumping. Launch widespread awareness campaigns about environmental issues and sustainable practices using various media and community outreach, Integrate environmental education into local schools and community programs to build knowledge from an early age will help a lot.

Freshwater ecosystems in tropical Africa face escalating anthropogenic pressures, underscoring the urgent need for robust and cost-effective biomonitoring frameworks. This study evaluated stream health across three freshwater streams; Famak, Tokunbo, and Kofawe tributaries of Oluwa River in Igbokoda, southwest Nigeria, using aquatic insect assemblages associated with leaf-litter and leaf-pack substrates as biological indicators of water quality. Leaf-litter and leaf-pack samplers were deployed at 2 stations across each stream, and insects were identified to genus level. Physicochemical parameters; pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity, sulphate (SO₄²⁻), phosphate (PO₄³⁻), and nitrate (NO₃⁻) were measured concurrently. Community structure was quantified using the Shannon-Wiener (H’), Simpson’s (D), Evenness (J’), and Margalef’s Richness indices, while spatial variation was assessed using one-way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation. Six insect orders were recorded: Diptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera. Chironomidae (Chironomus) dominated across stations; indicative of organic enrichment, while Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera (pollution-sensitive) were scarce. Diversity indices varied across biotopes: leaf-litter yielded H’ = 0.57–2.13, D = 0.20–0.86, J’ = 0.20–0.84, Margalef = 1.64–2.65; leaf-pack yielded H’ = 1.57–2.17, D = 0.70–0.88, J’ = 0.69–0.97, Margalef = 1.70–2.46. ANOVA revealed significant spatial differences in electrical conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed slight associations between insect community structure, and physicochemical parameter. Sensitive taxa characterizing less disturbed stations and tolerant Chironomus prevailing in degraded reaches. The results from this study affirm the diagnostic utility of leaf-pack and leaf-litter as tools for tropical freshwater bioassessment, it also provides critical baseline data for biodiversity conservation and sustainable water resource management.

Industrial effluent management remains a significant environmental challenge, particularly in developing countries such as Kenya, where rapid industrialization has increased the risks of water pollution and public health hazards. Distillery industries generate large volumes of wastewater characterized by high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), total dissolved solids, and toxic organic compounds. Conventional monitoring approaches are largely manual, reactive, and dependent on periodic laboratory testing, while many machine learning models operate as black-box systems that lack transparency and stakeholder trust. My study aims to develop an explainable machine learning model for effective distillery effluent treatment and management by integrating predictive analytics with interpretable artificial intelligence techniques. The research adopts a quantitative approach guided by Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM). Secondary data obtained from publicly available wastewater datasets, complemented by validated synthetic data, used to train and evaluate predictive models. Environmental parameters such as pH, COD, BOD, temperature, and total suspended solids serve as input features. Machine learning algorithms, including Random Forest and Gradient Boosting, are integrated with SHapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) to enhance model interpretability. Model performance assessed using Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and the coefficient of determination (R²). The study is expected to demonstrate that explainable machine learning models can achieve high predictive accuracy while providing transparent insights into the environmental and operational factors influencing effluent treatment performance. The integration of SHAP is anticipated to improve stakeholder trust, regulatory compliance, and decision-making capabilities. The proposed framework offers a transparent and data-driven approach to industrial wastewater management, contributing to sustainable environmental practices and providing a replicable model for other environmental monitoring applications in Kenya and beyond.

At the wake of climate change, natural resources remain central to the livelihoods and resilience of rural African communities, particularly those dependent on rain-fed agriculture. Increasing climate variability, characterized by erratic rainfall, prolonged droughts and declining water availability, continues to undermine agricultural productivity, food and nutrition security, and the sustainability of local ecosystems. Although climate information services have expanded across Africa, many vulnerable communities remain underserved and continue to rely on indigenous knowledge, locally vailable natural resources and nature-based solutions to respond to climate risks. Despite their practical significance, these locally grounded adaptation strategies receive limited attention within formal policy and climate governance processes. Drawing on evidence from Murang'a County, Kenya, this study examines the sources of climate information accessed by smallholder farming communities and explores how natural resources support locally driven climate resilience strategies for sustainable food and nutrition security. A qualitative research design was employed involving three Focus Group Discussions with smallholder farmers in different climatic regions within the county; the highlands, the midlands and the lowlands, and four Key Informant Interviews with agricultural extension officers, environmental regulators, climate communication experts, and community development practitioners. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that farmers continue to use ecological indicators such as behaviour of dragonflies, sparrows, ants, and frogs to forecast rainfall and guide planting decisions. The interpretation of their behaviour and natural phenomena is based on indigenous knowledge, though rarely documented, but passed from generation to generation. However, climate change, biodiversity loss, and habitat degradation have reduced the reliability of many traditional indicators, contributing to the erosion of indigenous forecasting systems. The study revealed that natural resources are not merely ecological assets but also communication platforms through which indigenous knowledge of climate adaptation is generated, shared and sustained. It also found the emergence of hybrid adaptation systems in which farmers combine indigenous knowledge with improved crop varieties, crop diversification, extension services, agro-dealer support, and peerlearning networks. The findings underscore the interaction between formal climate information systems and community-based adaptation practices. Despite these innovations, knowledge integration is constrained by social stigma, religious fatalism, intergenerational knowledge loss, and tensions between indigenous and scientific knowledge systems. The study concludes that strengthening climate resilience requires knowledge co-production approaches that integrate indigenous and scientific climate information while supporting biodiversity conservation and indigenous knowledge preservation. It also recommends more inclusive climate resilience policies that recognise indigenous knowledge, strengthen climate information services and promote sustainable natural resource management for resilient food systems.

Wetland ecosystems play a critical role in supporting rural livelihoods and maintaining environmental sustainability, yet they face increasing pressure from overutilization, weak institutional frameworks, and rapid land-use conversion. While general livelihood studies exist, there remains a critical empirical knowledge gap regarding the precise quantitative influence of specific wetland ecosystem services on household economic well-being, as monetary metrics that correlate household utility with vital regulating and cultural services are historically missing from national statistics. This study determined the influence of specific wetland ecosystem service utilization on household welfare and economic well-being within the River Nyando Wetland ecosystem in Kisumu County, Kenya. Grounded in Welfare Economics Theory and Common-Pool Resource (CPR) Theory, the study adopted an explanatory research design incorporating a cross-sectional descriptive survey. Primary data were collected from 377 randomly selected riparian household heads using structured questionnaires, key informant interview guides, and focus group discussion schedules. The study employed a multistage sampling strategy that combined purposive selection of sub-counties, stratified grouping of locations, and systematic random sampling of homesteads. A censored Tobit regression model was used for data analysis to evaluate the socio-economic, spatial, and institutional determinants driving the continuous intensity of wetland resource utilization. The empirical results revealed that household income (β = 0.318, p = 0.002), land ownership status (β = 0.263, p = 0.007), and access to agricultural extension services (β = 0.391, p = 0.002) had statistically significant positive impacts on wetland utilization intensity, with a one-unit increase in income expanding the odds of household welfare improvement by 37%. Conversely, formal education level (β = -0.287, p = 0.010), physical distance to the wetland basin (β = -0.451, p = 0.001), and environmental policy awareness (β = -0.277, p = 0.016) exerted statistically significant negative effects on extraction intensity, with each additional kilometer of distance reducing the likelihood of wetland service use by 36%. The study concludes that while higher asset endowments and institutional resources enhance resource extraction efficiency to boost immediate well-being, a severe skills-resource mismatch prevents formal education from translating into sustainable welfare. Furthermore, current environmental policy awareness acts as a regulatory constraint that depresses immediate utility due to a lack of economic alternatives. The study recommends a three-pronged policy matrix: establishing specialized Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) centers to equip educated residents with green- and blue-economy skills; designing a localized Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) framework to financially reward conservation compliance; and decentralizing extension service delivery to deploy eco-friendly technology packages, such as solar irrigation pumps and non-destructive gear, along the wetland fringe.

Dung beetles are highly regarded for their contribution in the reduction of horseflies that breed in dung pads. Fresh mammalian dung pads remain an essential resource for different dung-breeding flies from the families of Tabanidae, Muscidae, and Scarabaeidae. Members of these dipteran flies are known to be pests and vectors of disease-causing pathogens of large mammals. The role of dung beetles in influencing occurrence of dung-breeding flies was investigated. Two dung beetle species (Kheper lamarcki and Copris elphenor) were used in a semi-field experiment. Collection of dung beetle species was carried out in January, during their active seasonal period, using buffalo dung-baited pitfall traps. Adult horse flies were trapped using an Nzi trap baited with cow urine. The flies were introduced to fresh buffalo dung patches and allowed to oviposit over a period of 3 hours. Eggs hatched and first instar maggots were used in the experiment. 4 experimental treatments ( i) K. lamarcki alone, ii) C. elphenor alone iii) combination of K. lamarcki and C. elphenor beetles, iv) dung with no beetles - control) were arranged in an RCBD design replicated 4 times. 20 maggots were introduced in each dung pad, while 8 beetles were introduced to the dung pads. The experiment ran for 3 weeks. Data collected were the number of horseflies emerging from the dung pads. The introduction of dung beetle species to the dung pads increased the mortality of horseflies. The highest mortality of horseflies was observed when the two dung beetle species were present in the same pad. The disruption of dung pads by the activities of dung beetles increased the larval mortality of horseflies by altering the physical properties of the dung. Dung beetles may be used as a biological control for reducing the number of disease-vectoring horseflies in different ecosystems.

It is understood that the major natural cause of weather and climate is solar radiation. But as soon as there is imbalance between the incoming (the electromagnetic shortwave radiation) and the outgoing (infrared) radiation due to persistent emissions of greenhouse gases, there arises a change in climate of which abnormal variability in the distribution of the elements of weather and climate (Temperature, Precipitation/Rainfall, wind, relative humidity, evaporation and evapotranspiration) are indicators. Therefore, since most of man’s economic endeavors towards survival and development are anthropogenic, it implies that the various anthropogenic activities leading greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions stand clearly as the root cause of global warming, temperature anomalies, climate variability and climate change all over the globe. According to NOAA (), the trends of GHG emissions since year 1840 (shortly after the industrial revolution) match perfectly with the trends of global warming (temperature anomaly), climate variability and climate change. This is an indication that the entire world is vulnerable to the aftermath of this change. It is pertinent to note that UN (2006), indicated that less than 4% of the global emissions of greenhouse gases can be attributed to Africa. Therefore, it sounds contradictory to hear that Africa that generates only 2-3 percent of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions is regarded as a continent that is most vulnerable to the impacts of climate variability and climate change. Normally, one would think from the pint of view of UN (2006), that the vulnerability of Africa to climate change is either contradictorily or exaggerated. This paper has critically examined the reasons for this contradictory view, probed into the justification from the point of view of the continent’s endowed environmental attributes, dominant economic activity and the magnitude of endangered biodiversity. The holistic actions needed to be taken, particularly the processes involved in strengthening collaboration and partnerships for weather and climate services in order to attain sustainability spiral that will compliment, rather than being detrimental to efforts towards objective adaptation, climate resilience and sustainable development have been stressed.

Anthropogenic and natural factors drive Land Use Land Cover (LULC) change leading to multiple environmental challenges. Analyzing these modifications provides useful information to support planning and implementation of sustainable landscape management. The study aimed to analyze LULC changes and trends in Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya, over 22 years from 2001 to 2023. Mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating Remote Sensing and GIS technologies with household surveys and Key Informant interviews (KIIs) collected between November 2023 to March 2024. Post-classification change detection analysis revealed highly dynamic landscape transitions across built-up areas, agricultural zones, and forest or tree cover. Built-up environments experienced a profound surge of 139.18% over the studied period. This rapid urban expansion was heavily catalyzed by institutional changes, specifically the introduction of devolved governance structures following the promulgation of Kenya’s 2010 constitution. Furthermore, the establishment and rapid growth of major higher learning institutions in the region accelerated commercial demand for residential rentals, business premises, and public social infrastructure. Conversely, regional forest and tree cover exhibited highly variable temporal dynamics. Between 2001 and 2014, tree cover expanded significantly by 38%, a positive trajectory principally driven by progressive national policy interventions, such as the Forest Act of 2005 and the Farm Forestry Rules of 2009. However, this trend completely reversed between 2014 and 2023, resulting in a 25.74% decline. Local community perceptions and KIIs directly corroborated these empirical spatial findings. Stakeholders linked the degradation of private farmland tree cover to the overharvesting of timber, domestic firewood extraction, charcoal production, and expanding semi-urban settlements. Understanding these location-specific human drivers offers critical insights for policymakers and regional planners. Ultimately, these empirical insights are vital for monitoring environmental trends and implementing targeted sustainability frameworks, such as Green Infrastructure practices, to enhance tree cover, restore ecosystems, and promote climate change adaptation and mitigation.

The hospitality sector is one of the significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions yet its impact on the environment remains under researched globally. Star-rated hotels in Nairobi City engage in resource-intensive operations whose carbon footprints have not been modelled systematically using data-driven approaches. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of key hotel operations on environmental carbon footprint using machine learning (ML) among star-rated hotels in Nairobi City, Kenya. A quantitative, cross-sectional study design was adopted which targeted hotels that were rated 1–5 star by the Tourism Regulatory Authority of Kenya. Using this study design, a sample of 100 hotels was drawn through stratified random sampling. The Carbon footprint estimates were derived using emission factors from the IPCC Guidelines and the Kenya grid electricity emission factor (0.4999 kg CO₂/kWh, UNFCCC CDM ASB0050-2020). Pearson correlation analysis and multiple machine learning models which included random forest, gradient boosting, linear regression, and support vector machine regression were evaluated to quantify operational contributions of hotels to carbon emissions. The initial analyses were performed using simulated dataset that was generated mainly for code development and validation of the study methodology prior to primary data collection. The simulated values were constructed based on published literature on hotel food waste, environmental management and energy waste audits in Nairobi's hospitality sector. The study is expected to yield a predictive model to support hotel managers and policymakers in adopting targeted sustainability strategies, aligned with Kenya's Vision 2030 and SDGs.

Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) is a high-value industrial crop, primely cultivated for natural bioactive pyrethrin in the current global shift from synthetic pesticides. However, production remains constrained by manual, labour-intensive and selective harvesting of mature flower heads due to complex physico-mechanical characteristics, crop morphology and the necessity to preserve ratooning buds and perennial canopy. This work designed and simulated a small-scale mechanized pyrethrum harvester using crop physico-morpho-mechanical characteristics to optimize plucking efficiency, field capacity, and harvesting quality using artificial neural networks (ANN) and fuzzy logic optimizer. Results indicated that while a wide range of traits influence plant structure and post-harvest behaviour, only a few were critical for mechanized-oriented optimization. Mature stalk height (MSH) emerged as the dominant morphological trait influencing mechanised harvesting, while floral head diameter (FHD) was identified as the most important trait affecting plucking efficiency. However, plucking force (Pf) was variable across sites, while the cutting force (Cf) and coefficient of friction (μS) were established as design constraints rather than optimization variables. MSH and FHD predominantly influenced machine geometry and post-primary handling, while canopy width (FCW) and repose angle (ϴ) had post-harvest handling significance. The quantile-based analysis revealed the overall harvest efficiency, with the 70th percentile and a 2.5 mm tolerance emerging as the most favourable configuration, corresponding to a blade gap of approximately 10.33 mm and a harvest rate of 100%. Fuzzy logic optimization models delineated feasible cutting height ranging between 392.6 mm and 499.5 mm and ensured exclusion of non-target foliage at 70% harvester efficiency threshold. ANN simulation optimization revealed a blade gap of 10.3 mm and a cutting height of 392-500 mm for practical deployment of the harvesting header. Further, field simulation revealed 58.4 kghr⁻¹ throughput and 0.09 hahr⁻¹ effective field capacity. The harvester demonstrated preserved floral integrity at 76% harvesting efficiency and a damage rate of 5%. These findings provide optimized design and operational settings for mechanized pyrethrum harvesting across diverse field conditions.

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The deposition of copper oxide nanostructures on the anatase phase of a (101)-TiO2 surface to increase the reduction of CO2 has gained significant interest and has great potential for sustainable energy economy. In the present work, we studied a heterogeneous surface for the reduction of CO2, which can produce various organic compounds such as formic acid, formaldehyde, methanol, ethanol, and methane. The density functional theory calculations were employed to study the formation of formaldehyde and formic acid from CO2 via hydrogenation by H2 on a Cu oxide/TiO2 catalyst. The preliminary findings show that molecular CO2 and HCOOH prefer to adsorb on Ti5C that forms an interface with Cu2O oxide with adsorption energies of 0.13 eV and 0.1 eV, respectively. The copper oxide modified titania is a unique catalyst for charge separation and conversion of CO2 into important organic compounds. This work highlights the potential of these systems as improved electrocatalyst over pure transition metal oxides for CO2 reduction.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming teaching, learning, and research in higher education. The widespread availability of AI-powered tools such as ChatGPT has enhanced access to information, personalized learning, and academic support. However, the rapid adoption of these technologies has also raised concerns regarding excessive dependence on AI, reduced critical thinking, and challenges to academic integrity. As universities continue to embrace digital transformation, there is a need for quantitative frameworks that can guide the responsible integration of AI in educational systems. This study proposes a dynamic mathematical model for analysing AI integration in university education. The student population is categorized into four classes: students with minimal AI usage, responsible AI users, AI-dependent students, and regulated AI users. A system of ordinary differential equations will be formulated to describe transitions among these groups. The model will be analysed using equilibrium and stability theories to investigate the long-term dynamics of AI usage behaviour. Furthermore, optimal control theory will be employed to determine effective intervention strategies aimed at promoting responsible AI utilization while minimizing excessive dependence. Numerical simulations will be conducted using MATLAB to evaluate the effectiveness of awareness programmes, institutional policies, and academic guidance initiatives. The study is expected to provide a quantitative framework for understanding AI integration dynamics in higher education and to generate evidence-based recommendations for universities seeking to maximize the benefits of AI while reducing the risks associated with over-reliance on AI technologies.

Lipid peroxidation products in French fries are a potential risk factor for non-communicable diseases. Malondialdehyde and methylglyoxal are among the most pathophysiologically-relevant lipid peroxidation products, but are generally not regarded as major products of the oxidation of linoleic acid- or monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich oils, because mechanisms of their formation from such fatty acids are poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the formation of malondialdehyde and methylglyoxal, as well as conjugated dienes and conjugated trienes (precursors of secondary products including aldehydes) in French fries fried with four oils having different fatty acid composition. Conjugated dienes and trienes (CDs and CTs, respectively) were determined spectrophotometrically, malondialdehyde by the thiobarbituric acid test, and methylglyoxal by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). CT formation occurred to the same extent in sunflower and canola oils although the former lacked fatty acids with at least three double bonds, signifying desaturation of fatty acids during lipid peroxidation. More malondialdehyde was formed in sunflower oil containing more linoleic acid than canola oil with higher α-linolenic acid (18:3, n-3) content, indicating the importance of linoleic acid as a malondialdehyde precursor. Olive oil generated more malondialdehyde, methylglyoxal, CD and CT than palm olein, which is attributable to greater monounsaturated fatty acid content in the former. Mechanisms are proposed for the formation of CDs, CTs, malondialdehyde and methylglyoxal from MUFA and linoleic acid. Thus, MUFA- and linoleic acid-rich oils are relevant as sources of the two dialdehydes in fried foods. CDs and CTs can be considered as appropriate for monitoring lipid peroxidation even in MUFA- or linoleic acid-rich oils. Furthermore, formation of CDs through fatty acid desaturation helps to explain the formation of some ‘unexpected’ lipid oxidation products.

Chromium-laden tannery effluent discharged into the Sagana River, Kirinyaga County, Kenya, exceeds the regulatory thresholds set by NEMA and the WHO, threatening aquatic biodiversity, irrigation water quality, and community health. Conventional treatment technologies remain economically prohibitive to resource-constrained Kenyan industrial settings, renewing interest in rhizofiltration using locally abundant hydrophytic macrophytes as a low-cost, ecologically congruent alternative. Colocasia esculenta (taro) and Xanthosoma sagittifolium (cocoyam), two Araceae species widely distributed along tropical riparian corridors, present compelling rhizofiltration potential owing to their extensive root architecture, tolerance to waterlogging, and prolific biomass. However, the mechanistic pathways governing chromium uptake, translocation, biotransformation, and sequestration in these species remain critically underexplored. This review synthesizes current literature on chromium speciation chemistry, sulfate–chromate transporter competition, subcellular sequestration via cell-wall binding and phytochelatin-mediated vacuolar chelation, antioxidant enzyme dynamics, and rhizospheric microbiome contributions to chromium bioavailability, drawing on comparative evidence from related Araceae and hydrophytic taxa where direct evidence is absent. Critical knowledge gaps are identified in the absence of subcellular chromium localization data for either species, unresolved bioconcentration and translocation factor behavior under authentic multi-contaminant effluent matrices, the limited characterization of the native rhizosphere microbiome's functional contribution to chromium speciation transformation, the near-complete absence of published chromium performance data for Xanthosoma sagittifolium species, and the paucity of dose-response evidence under field-realistic effluent concentration gradients. These gaps collectively establish the empirical and mechanistic foundation indispensable for validating either species as a scientifically defensible, scalable rhizofiltration phytosystem for chromium-laden industrial effluent remediation within Kenya and comparable sub-Saharan African contexts.

The integration of institutional information systems has become a critical component of digital transformation in higher education. This study examines the integration of the Koha Integrated Library Management System (ILMS) with the University of Eldoret Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) platform specifically the ABN Unisol system to automate patron registration and improve library service delivery. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Koha–ERP integration framework in enhancing operational efficiency, data accuracy, and patron management within the university library environment. However, limited empirical evidence exists on the effectiveness of Koha–ERP integration in African university contexts, particularly regarding patron management and service delivery outcomes. A descriptive case study design was adopted. Data were collected through system observations, document analysis, interviews with library and ICT personnel, and analysis of system generated reports. The study examined the architecture of the integration framework, assessed automated patron synchronization processes, and evaluated the impact of integration on service delivery. Findings indicate that the integration enabled automatic synchronization of approximately 6,000 patrons annually, significantly reducing manual registration processes. Prior to integration, patron registration and record updating required up to one academic semester due to manual verification procedures. Following implementation, registration became real-time, reducing processing delays by over 95%. Data-entry errors and duplicate records were reduced by approximately 85%, while suspended, deferred, and transferred students are now updated automatically through synchronization mechanisms. The integration also improved reporting accuracy, staff productivity, and user satisfaction. The ERP system which manages over 58,000 active students across eleven schools or faculties serves as the authoritative source of institutional user information, while Koha functions as the library service delivery platform accessible at portal.library.uoeld.ac.ke/. The study concludes that ERP–Koha integration is an effective strategy for enhancing operational efficiency and supporting digital transformation in academic libraries. The paper demonstrates that ERP–ILMS interoperability provides a scalable, replicable framework for modern academic libraries seeking to improve operational efficiency and user experience. Challenges persist, however, where bulk synchronization fails and individual patron synchronization is required as a fallback. The system currently applies uniform patron categories without distinguishing between undergraduates, postgraduates, academic staff, and non-academic staff a limitation that constrains differentiated service delivery and fine rule application. The study recommends developing fallback mechanisms for bulk synchronisation failures and implementing differentiated patron categories to enable nuanced service delivery and fine rule application.

Darwin’s Tree of Life has long served as the dominant framework for explaining biological diversity. It depicts all organisms as descending from a single common ancestor through a branching pattern of descent with modification. Historically, it has provided a coherent conceptual foundation, but recent advances in molecular biology, and genomics has challenged its universality and explanatory adequacy. This paper critically evaluates whether the Tree of Life remains a valid representation of biological history or whether it has been fundamentally undermined by emerging empirical evidence. It is based on a review and synthesis of published literature, drawing on recent findings from evolutionary biology, molecular genetics, comparative genomics, and phylogenomics to assess the strengths and limitations of the traditional Tree of Life model and alternative frameworks. Recent developments in DNA sequencing and phylogenomic analyses have revealed extensive genetic complexity that is inconsistent with a strictly tree-like evolutionary model. Processes such as horizontal gene transfer, hybridization, and conflicting molecular phylogenies suggest that evolutionary relationships are often reticulate rather than hierarchical. Developments unraveled recently also indicate that substantial genomic components do not conform to vertical descent, thereby challenging the assumption of universal common ancestry. This paper, therefore, highlights the dependency graph model as an alternative framework, that explains nested biological patterns and genetic overlap through shared functional modules rather than linear descent. In conclusion, accumulating molecular evidence suggests that the traditional Tree of Life is no longer sufficient, and that network-based models provide a more accurate representation of evolutionary relationships in the genomic era.

Efficient second-harmonic generation (SHG) in thin-film lithium niobate-on-insulator (TFLNOI) waveguides requires accurate phase matching between interacting optical modes. Conventional approaches such as quasi-phase matching (QPM) achieve high efficiency but require complex periodic domain engineering, while modal phase matching (MPM) is highly sensitive to fabrication imperfections and lacks post-fabrication tunability. This research presents the design and simulation of a compact electro-optically tunable TFLNOI ridge waveguide for efficient SHG. The waveguide structure was modeled and optimized using the wave optic and electrostatics modules in COMSOL Multiphysics. Modal analysis was carried out to determine the propagation constants and effective refractive indices of the interacting modes. Phase matching was achieved through modal dispersion engineering between the fundamental TM00 mode at 1550 nm and the second-harmonic TM01 mode at 775 nm. Electro-optic tuning based on the Pockels effect was introduced using integrated indium tin oxide (ITO) and gold electrodes to dynamically control the phase mismatch. Simulation results showed strong optical confinement of approximately 88 %, low optical propagation loss of , and high normalized conversion efficiency of . The optimized structure achieves phase-matching wavelength sensitivities of 0.216 nm/V and 0.25 nm/V with respect to ridge height and width variations respectively. Electro-optic tuning successfully restored high conversion under fabrication-induced ridge-width deviation of ±10 nm using CMOS compatible voltages. The findings demonstrate that electro-optically tunable modal phase matching provides a compact, fabrication-tolerant, and dynamically controllable alternative to conventional QPM-based TFLNOI devices. The proposed structure is therefore promising candidate for integrated nonlinear photonics, optical signal processing, frequency conversion, and tunable photonic systems.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of healthcare-associated infections with limited treatment options due to multidrug resistance. Medicinal plants Artemisia annua and Aloe barbadensis have demonstrated antibacterial activity, but the specific bioactive compounds and their molecular targets remain largely unknown. This study employed molecular docking to screen 61 drug-like phytochemicals (33 from A. annua, 28 from A. barbadensis) against eleven MRSA protein targets involved in cell-wall synthesis (PBP2a, MurA, MurB, FemA/FemB, LtaS), DNA replication (DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV), folate metabolism (DHFR, DHPS), virulence (sortase A), and stress response (ClpP). AutoDock Vina was used to calculate binding affinities, and Lipinski’s Rule of Five was applied to assess drug-likeness. Twenty-eight compounds showed binding affinities ≤ −7.0 kcal/mol against at least one target. Aloesaponarin I (from A. barbadensis) exhibited the strongest interaction with MurB (−10.5 kcal/mol). Other high-affinity compounds included 7-O-methylaloesin (MurA, −9.4 kcal/mol; LtaS, −8.8 kcal/mol), aloesaponol I (DHFR, −9.3 kcal/mol), and luteolin (sortase A, −7.7 kcal/mol; DNA gyrase, −7.7 kcal/mol). MurA was the most frequently inhibited target (23 compounds with ΔG ≤ −8.0 kcal/mol). All active compounds satisfied Lipinski’s criteria, indicating favorable oral bioavailability. These findings identify aloesaponarin I, 7-O-methylaloesin, luteolin, and kaempferol as promising multi-target MRSA inhibitors, warranting further in vitro and in vivo validation. The study recommends that future work should focus on determination of MIC and MBC for the top compounds (aloesaponarin I, 7-O-methylaloesin, luteolin, kaempferol) against MRSA clinical isolates as well as molecular dynamics simulations of the best complexes together with related synergies.

Despite achieving political sovereignty, African Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) continue to operate within Eurocentric pedagogical and structural frameworks, leaving full Uhuru (independence) unreleased. This presentation explores the urgent need for decolonial thinking within the academy, positing that current degree structures, research methodologies, and institutional hierarchies remain deeply tethered to colonial legacies. To break these bonds, we argue for a paradigm shift that centres African Indigenous Knowledge Systems (AIKS) and the core philosophies of Harambee (collective effort), Umoja (unity), and Ubuntu/Umunthu (humanity through others) as foundational academic pillars. The vast diversity of the African continent – with its myriad languages, norms, and values – stems as the academy's greatest pedagogical strength. However, this cultural wealth faces a modern existential threat: the rise of Artificial Intelligence. Within higher education, uncritical AI adoption risks acting as a digital colonizer that could obliterate African languages and indigenous ways of knowing, further entrenching Western hegemony in global research outputs. To counter this digital erasure, we must Africanise educational technology, ensuring digital evolution in lectures and laboratories is dictated by African culture, not replacing it. Drawing on Argyris and Schön’s Theory of Action, this session urges African universities to close the gap between their espoused theories and their actual theories-in-use. By actively leveraging pre-colonial tacit knowledge, institutions can design truly culturally relevant curricula. Ultimately, decolonizing requires humanizing higher education through an ethics of care – dismantling colonial shadows to foster graduates who are both technologically advanced and deeply culturally grounded.

African animation continues to evolve as an emerging creative industry; however, limited research has examined how culturally authentic African narratives can be systematically translated into animated productions through practice-based creative methodologies. While African stories increasingly appear across comics, film, and digital media, there remains little documented knowledge on production approaches that integrate African philosophy, mythology, languages, visual aesthetics, and narrative traditions into contemporary animation. This study addresses this gap by investigating how an original African comic can be transformed into animation while preserving its cultural identity through an iterative creative process. The research presents a practice-based exploration centred on Majesty, an original African comic book developed by the researcher and adapted into an animated production. Rather than treating the animation solely as a creative output, the project positions the creative process itself as a site of knowledge production. Through successive stages of story development, scriptwriting, character and environment design, comic adaptation, animation production, and critical reflection, the study examines how creative decisions contribute to the construction of an African-centred visual storytelling methodology. Employing a practice-based research methodology, knowledge is generated through creative production supported by reflective journals, sketchbooks, design iterations, process documentation, and peer critique. These materials provide evidence of the evolving design process and inform the development of a transferable production framework.
The study contributes a practice-based model for adapting African narratives from comics into animation and demonstrates how creative practice can generate new knowledge for African visual storytelling. By documenting the processes through which cultural knowledge is interpreted and transformed into animated media, the research offers a methodological contribution to animation studies and creative practice while supporting the continued development of culturally grounded African animation.

The increasing role of social media activism among Kenyan youths continues to pile pressure on government to be more open. While protests, especially by the opposition parties are not new, this study sought to describe the nature of anti-Finance Bill Gen-Z youth-led protests, organization and the messaging and the government response to one of Kenya’s massive protests. Based on an online survey tool and adopting a qualitative approach, the study was guided by the pragmatic paradigm, and data was thematically analysed based on emerging themes. The study sought to explore the following three research questions: (i)How different was the Gen Z youths’ anti-Finance Bill protest of mid-2024 from previous protests? (ii)How did protesters’ framing of issues contribute to massive collective action? and (iii)How did government respond to massive Gen Z protests? The findings demonstrated that unlike previous protests organized by mostly opposition parties, the anti-Finance Bill protests were youth-led, organized and mobilized online by thousands of youths, making the protests ‘leaderless’ and almost “faceless” as the youths referred to them. On messaging and framing of issues, the study established that Gen-Z led protests raised issues that were resonating with the wider public, with cost of living, tax injustice and youth unemployment toping the grievance list. Regarding government response to the protests, while the Bill was dropped, many respondents decried the heavy handedness by security agencies who violently quelled the protests. The paper concludes that while the Gen-Z protests may have helped assert citizen agency and participation in key decision-making such as taxes, it failed to institutionalize these demands, leaving a lacuna for the gains made to be eroded.

Artificial Intelligence has been with us for some time now. The United States of America and China are leading the way in this field of technology and countries like Japan, South Korea, India and Taiwan are not far behind. But the progress being made by these countries rests on their breakthroughs in various fields of science and engineering which in turn rest on the countries’ investment in education. Interestingly, Nigeria has the reputation of running a sound tertiary education system in the past and this includes research institutes and centres. The purpose of this study is to examine the state of the country’s tertiary education system in light of the challenges it is facing and then analyse how the objectives of establishing the country’s universities and polytechnics as well as research institutes and centres have not been met. This is in spite of the billions of naira being spent on yearly basis to fund these institutions. No serious country expends the kind of resources being expended by Nigeria over the years and would not be alarmed by the lack of result. One of the objectives of this study is to interrogate the inability of the country’s tertiary institutions, research institutes and centres to fulfill the purpose for which they are established. Conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made at the end of the paper in the context of the problems so identified. This study relies on secondary sources and historical method of research is adopted.

This study examines the evolution of libraries as instruments of knowledge dissemination, inclusiveness, and sustainable development from the era of Alexander the Great to the modern library system in Nigeria within the context of the Industrial Revolution and its contemporary extensions. The ancient Library of Alexandria serves as an early model of a universal knowledge institution that promoted intellectual inclusiveness by bringing together scholars from diverse cultural and geographical backgrounds. This historical foundation highlights the enduring role of libraries as centers for learning, research, and cross-cultural exchange. The Industrial Revolution marked a significant turning point in the development of libraries by enhancing mass production of books, improving literacy rates, and facilitating the establishment of public libraries. However, it also introduced social inequalities that limited access to information for certain groups, thereby underscoring the need for more inclusive library services. In the contemporary digital age—often described as the Fourth and Fifth Industrial Revolutions—libraries are increasingly leveraging information and communication technologies to expand access to knowledge, bridge digital divides, and support lifelong learning. Focusing on Nigeria, this paper explores how modern libraries are adapting to technological advancements but addressing challenges such as inadequate funding, infrastructural deficits, and unequal access to digital resources. It argues that inclusiveness in library services—through digital innovation, community engagement, and equitable access—is essential for achieving sustainable development goals. By drawing parallels between ancient and modern practices, the study emphasizes that libraries remain critical agents of social transformation, capable of fostering education, innovation, and national development in an increasingly knowledge-driven world

The term he-goat exit, borrowed from Themne lore, dovetails with Homi K. Bhabha’s (1999) third space theory together with its sub-theoretical trappings: hybridity, mimicry and ambivalence. Themne lore has it that, if a he-goat is locked up in a room for a whole night and released later, its odour will remain in that room for a very long time, such that one would think it is still lurking in the corner. The empire builders claimed to have exited the colonized political spaces, but the study challenges that they have not, and that their invisible presence still constitutes an obstacle to the political and economic well-being of African youths, but particularly the female among them, as is revealed in Devil on the Cross and. The paper shall foreground, on the one hand, attempts made by Ngugi to torment the tormentors of the grassroots and establish social justice; and on the other hand, it shall explore the pathways suggested by Ngugi for both male and female youths to acquire ractical liberational education in an ungendered manner. This paper, which is a postcolonial review of Wa Thiong’o’s Devil on the Cross, shall borrow a reading from Marxism and supported by Achilles Mbembe’s theory of necropolitics, among other postcolonial pronouncements, as trusted theoretical tools to critique the relationship between the colonial replacements and the marginalized indigenous populations. The paper concludes that the study of Devil on the Cross should be made compulsory in high schools across Africa so that both present and future generations will understand how to deal with the main problems impeding the actualization of their potentials.

The uneven global distribution of natural resources has historically served as both a catalyst for human migration and a focal point for intense socio-political competition. Despite the abundance of marble deposits in Lade, Edu Local Government Area (L.G.A) of Kwara State, the presence of this high-value mineral has acted as a double-edged sword. Ideally, the presence of significant natural resources should catalyze seamless economic development, communal harmony, and improved living standards for the host community. However, the reality of marble extraction in Lade presents a multifaceted crisis characterized by competing interests, social friction, and management failures. This study examines marble extraction in Lade, Edu Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria—a region distinguished by its significant mineral wealth. Adopting a historical research methodology, the study utilizes oral interviews, archival materials, and textual analysis to investigate how marble deposits have shaped the lived experiences of local dwellers, neighboring communities, and international immigrants. The findings reveal that the Lade marble site is not merely a center of economic activity but a complex arena of social negotiation. The extraction process has significantly influenced the region's cultural, economic, and political relations, fostering a dual environment of cooperation and conflict. While the industry has facilitated regional integration and global market participation, it has also incited fierce competition over resource ownership and conflicting interests among stakeholders. Furthermore, the study explores the management mechanisms employed to mitigate crises arising from these competing interests. Ultimately, the research concludes that the tenacity of marble extraction at Lade has forged a unique socio-economic identity for the community, integrating local traditional structures into the broader global value chain while highlighting the ongoing challenges of resource governance and community relations.

This paper traces the historical development of the current democratic process to the post-Cold War era, which Huntington described as the third wave of democratisation. It evaluates the linkage between democracy and good governance, examining whether the former is a prerequisite for the latter or whether the lack of the latter in Africa can be attributed to the former. Drawing on the Nigerian experience, the paper argues that, despite the significant relationship between democracy and good governance, the former has yet to give rise to the latter, largely because the choice of liberal democracy failed to account for the unique characteristics of African people. In addition, the paper identifies several challenges, including sit-tight syndrome, systemic corruption, a winner-take-all electoral system, and an inefficient local government system, among others, as factors that hinder good governance. To change the tide, the paper recommends that liberal democracy be replaced with a homegrown variant that takes into account the specificity of African people's socio-cultural cleavages in designing the institutional and governance architecture. It concluded that African countries need to revive the peer review mechanism to promote good governance, pro-people public policy, and excellent service delivery, with a charge on Nigeria to lead the process.

The frequently cited assertion that humans and chimpanzees share approximately 99% of their DNA has long been presented as a central indicator of evolutionary relatedness. However, this estimate originated from early comparative studies that focused primarily on aligned protein-coding sequences and single-nucleotide substitutions, thereby capturing only a limited subset of genomic variation. This paper re-evaluates the basis and interpretation of the 99% similarity claim in light of advances in whole-genome sequencing, comparative genomics, and telomere-to-telomere genome assemblies. While early analyses reported 98–99% similarity within selected aligned regions, subsequent investigations have identified approximately 35 million single-nucleotide differences, millions of insertions and deletions, copy-number variations, and numerous structural rearrangements between human and chimpanzee genomes. Contemporary studies further indicate that only about 80–85% of the two genomes can be directly aligned, leaving substantial regions that are lineage-specific, structurally complex, or highly divergent. When structural variants and non-alignable regions are incorporated into comparative analyses, divergence estimates increase to approximately 4–5% within alignable regions and may reach 10–15% under broader whole-genome frameworks. Recent telomere-to-telomere assemblies have expanded this understanding by revealing previously unresolved centromeric, telomeric, repetitive, and duplicated sequences. Beyond sequence variation, significant differences occur in gene regulation, expression patterns, epigenetic mechanisms, and higher-order genome organization. These distinctions are particularly relevant to human exceptionalism, including advanced cognition, symbolic language, abstract reasoning, cumulative culture, technological innovation, and complex social organization. Collectively, these findings indicate that human–chimpanzee relatedness is considerably more complex than suggested by the widely cited 99% similarity figure. The evidence demonstrates that percentage-based comparisons alone do not adequately capture the magnitude and biological significance of human–chimpanzee differences. A comprehensive assessment of human origins and human exceptionalism therefore requires an integrated framework that considers structural, functional, regulatory, and phenotypic dimensions of genomic organization alongside nucleotide-level comparisons.

The involving role of higher education institutions in South Africa increasingly demands that universities move beyond the traditional teaching and research functions towards socially responsive and transformative community partnerships. In this context, the Vaal University of Technology (VUT) performs its institutional mandate through teaching and learning, research and innovation, and engaged scholarship. This paper examines mentorship at a selected boy’s shelter in Emfuleni as an engaged scholarship project to support vulnerable young boys within a shelter setting. While this shelter provides basic care and protection, there continues to be a critical need for structured developmental and mentoring interventions to promote emotional well-being, educational motivation, leadership development and social integration. This paper utilises Social Learning Theory and Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory to explore the impact of mentorship relationships on behavioural and developmental change among boys at the shelter. The paper is qualitative case study and is situated in the interpretivist paradigm. The Emfuleni boys shelter staff and boys who participated in the mentorship programme were selected based on the purposive sampling method. Data was gathered through observations, reflective engagements and interactive mentorship activities. The results showed positive contributions of the mentorship programme in confidence building, psychosocial support, behaviour change, educational encouragement and development of meaningful interpersonal relationships. This included academic support, life skills development, career guidance, motivational engagements and recreational interactions. The paper concludes that mentorship programmes in boys shelters are a meaningful form of engaged scholarship that has the potential to advance youth development and social transformation. The paper recommends institutionalisation of sustainable mentorship programmes within higher education community engagement frameworks to strengthen long-term impact and collaborative societal development.

The Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR) promotes a vision of technological advancement that is human-centered, inclusive, and responsive to societal needs. However, in Africa, the dominance of English and French in education, scientific research, technological communication, and digital knowledge production continues to create significant barriers to inclusion. As the primary languages of science and technology, English and French often function as gatekeepers that determine who can access, produce, and benefit from innovation. Drawing on Bourdieu's (1991) Theory of Linguistic Capital, this paper examines how language inequality shapes participation in science, technology, and innovation in Africa, with particular reference to West Africa. The study argues that proficiency in English and French serves as valuable linguistic capital, granting access to educational opportunities, research networks, technological resources, and innovation ecosystems. Consequently, speakers of indigenous African languages frequently encounter obstacles that limit their engagement in these domains. The paper further explores how the marginalization of indigenous languages restricts the integration of local knowledge systems into scientific and technological development. Such exclusion undermines the goals of inclusive innovation and sustainable transformation that are central to the 5IR agenda. Through a sociolinguistic analysis, the study highlights the need for multilingual approaches that recognize African languages as resources rather than barriers to development. The paper concludes that achieving inclusive innovation in Africa requires language policies that promote multilingual education, the localization of digital content, and the incorporation of indigenous languages into science and technology. Such measures would broaden participation and ensure a more equitable distribution of the benefits of the Fifth Industrial Revolution.

Rapid modernization, urbanization, and death of community elders are disrupting the traditional communication channels through which intangible cultural heritage in rural Kenya has historically been transmitted. The absence of intergenerational communication pathways has led to oral traditions communication gaps from the youth information ecosystem. The aim of this study is to develop Akamba school-centric model that leverages citizen journalism as an alternative communication channel to safeguard Kamba oral customary traditions. Specifically; to assess the awareness and perceptions of Kamba oral traditions among rural secondary school students; To build digital citizen journalism and ethnographic recording capacities within selected secondary schools; To develop a multimedia archive of Kamba folklore, proverbs, and customary laws through student-elder interactions and to evaluate the impact of the framework on intergenerational knowledge transfer and youth cultural identity. A qualitative approach through a Participatory Action Research (PAR) study design, collaboratively in planning, action, observation, and reflection are employed. A relativist ontology is followed, which states that cultural realities and oral traditions are many, and socially constructed and co-constructed through human experiences and shared community narratives. The target population is students in public rural secondary schools, teachers of humanities and recognized community elders in Machakos, Kitui and Makueni counties. Purposive sampling is used to select the participating schools, teachers and students, and snowball sampling is used to identify the traditional custodians and community elders. The sample size of 96 participants; Three (3) different secondary schools (one in each county) with 60 students citizen journalists (20 in each school), 6 guiding teachers, and 30 community elders, making a total sample size of 96 participants. Multimedia data collection techniques include student-led semi-structured interviews, mobile audio-visual recordings of oral performances, reflective PAR field journals kept by participants, and post-framework focus group discussions (FGDs), all designed to rebuild direct communication links between students and elders. Data will be analysed using inductive thematic analysis to isolate core cultural motifs, narrative analysis to examine linguistic structure and metaphors, and participatory content curation with elders to ensure strict cultural validity. Findings include the creation of a comprehensive, open-access digital repository of Kamba oral heritage; a recorded increase in the transmission of knowledge between generations; a sense of cultural identity and digital literacy among rural youth participants; sustainable, youth-led channels of communication across generations; and a framework for the preservation of indigenous knowledge throughout sub-Saharan Africa.

The value chains of the island nutrition-sensitive african famine vegetables are high constrained and fragmented. The value chains are characterized by high post-harvest losses, competition from expensive mainland supplies, unpredictable yields, limited market integration beyond the islands, absence of grading systems, small internal markets, and limited domestication of the free growing vegetables. A value chain mapping exercise was carried out in Rusinga and Mfangano islands during the period 2024/ 2025 focusing on two highly nutrition-sensitive african famine vegetables (oxygonum sinuatum and Commelina bengalensis) popularly known as Awayo and Andhodho. The survey was conducted as part of the indigenous vegetable value chains analysis. The aim of the survey was to explore the value chain challenges and opportunities of the islands’ contribution to food sustainability in Western Kenya. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, the survey identified challenges affecting the main value chain actors. The survey offers an agritech intervening matrix to strengthen the value chains of the two vegetables.

Grain amaranth is a nutritionally valuable crop recognized for its adaptability across diverse agro-ecologies and its contribution to food security and income generation. This study evaluated the yield and yield-related parameters of 210 grain amaranth accessions sourced from Eldoret markets, alongside standard checks from the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO). Trials were conducted at the University of Eldoret (UOE) and KALRO-Kakamega using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications during two seasons: July–September 2023 and September–December 2023. Analysis of variance revealed that both site and accession significantly influenced key morphological traits. Branching was significantly affected by site and accession, with no significant interaction (CV=19.2%). The number of internodes, leaves, leaf length, and leaf width all exhibited significant site-by-accession interactions (P<0.001), indicating that accessions respond differently across environments. Terminal inflorescence dimensions, number of spikelets, and plant height similarly showed significant site, accession, and interaction effects. Grain yield was significantly influenced by site, accession, and their interaction (P<0.001; CV=22.2%). Mean grain yield per plant ranged from 8.82 g (GB 192) to 79.53 g (Accession 23). Seven accessions surpassed the best check variety (Accession 144 at 61.27 g), with Accession 23 recording the highest overall grain yield in both sites (UoE-89.87 g/plant KALRO Kakamega-69.2 g/plant, respectively), while GB 192 recorded the lowest yields across both locations. Mean grain yield was notably higher at UOE (45.94 g/plant) compared to KALRO-Kakamega (32.70 g/plant). The findings confirm that genotype-environment interactions significantly influence growth and yield traits in grain amaranth. The seven superior accessions represent promising candidates for variety development and can serve as parental lines in breeding programs aimed at enhancing grain amaranth production in Kenya.

Limited access to quality planting materials, slow conventional multiplication methods, and persistent pest and disease challenges continue to constrain the productivity of potato in Kenya. On the other hand, commercial plant tissue culture is effective for producing disease-free, true-to-type planting materials for high-value crops. This study was undertaken to determine the viability of tissue culture micropropagation and aeroponics in production of potato. The use of rooted apical cuttings (RACs) was also investigated. Tissue cultures using MS media and supplemented with BAP, IBA was used in the tissue culture lab at the University of Eldoret, Kenya. Six varieties of potato were generated under 16 hours light and 8 hours darkness. Acclimatisation was done in cells of 5mm diameter and depth after 2 weeks in culture, when the plantlets had developed 3 to 4 nodes and roots were visible. Cost and sales comparisons were made to determine the viability of the enterprise. The success rate was over 95% both at TC and acclimatisation stages. Minituber production was variable depended on varieties, with Eldo Amani, Eldo Baraka, Sherekea and Unica varieties producing the highest number of minitubers per plant at 70 to 100 in 6 months. The cost-benefit ratio of 1.6 was realized. This demonstrates the commercial viability of integrating tissue culture and aeroponic technologies using potato as case studies. Beyond revenue generation, the enterprise supports research, experiential learning, innovation, and technology transfer. The model demonstrates that commercial plant tissue culture integrated with aeroponic minituber production is both technically feasible and financially viable, providing a scalable framework for university resource mobilization and sustainable agricultural development.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a critical cereal crop for food security in sub-Saharan Africa due to its tolerance to drought and low-phosphorus environments. However, phosphorus deficiency in heavily weathered tropical soils remains a major impediment to sorghum productivity in the region, especially among the resource-constrained farmers. Cultivation of varieties with enhanced phosphorus acquisition efficiency under limiting conditions presents a sustainable approach to improve productivity and reduce reliance on external fertilizer sources. The objective of this study was to identify elite sorghum genotypes with improved phosphorus acquisition efficiency. Fifteen genotypes were evaluated based on root morphological traits associated with P acquisition efficiency using a hydroponic nutrient solution system at adequate and low phosphorus supply. There was significant (p ≤ 0.05) variation among genotypes in primary root length, total root length, root depth, surface area, root volume, root tip number, network area, convex area, solidity, lower root area, and root-to-shoot biomass ratio. The best adapted genotypes including E95A, N57, N68, T53b, T30b, C26, E118, Gadam and Sila, had higher root length, root surface area, root volume, root tip abundance, and an increase accumulation of root biomass in low phosphorus. This paper examines the plasticity of the root system architecture traits in response to low phosphorus and their reliability as phenotypic indicators to identify phosphorus-acquisition efficient sorghum genotypes. The traits will be integrated into breeding programs to accelerate the development of nutrient-efficient and climate-resilient sorghum cultivars. Such cultivars have the potential to increase productivity in phosphorus-deficient environments, enhance food security, and fuel sustainable agricultural development in sub-Saharan Africa.

Indigenous food plants constitute an important part of biodiversity and an invaluable resource among communities living in diverse environments including forest ecosystems. Most of these food plants are hardy, climate resilient, rich in nutrients, and vital for local nutrition and cultural heritage. Besides being a source of diverse foods like legumes, vegetables, fruits and seeds, these products are sold to generate income that contributes to livelihoods. This paper discusses findings of a study conducted to assess the contribution of indigenous food plants (IPRs) of the Tiriki community living adjacent to Kakamega Forest Reserve to household food security and livelihoods. The study set out to determine the types of IPRs used, examine their contribution to household food security and livelihoods, and determine challenges facing utilization of these plants and measures used to mitigate them. A sample of 200 respondents was drawn from thirty eight villages in Muhudu ward using stratified random sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires and focus group discussions and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results revealed that although diverse IPRs are used for food and to enhance household food security, preference was given to legumes (95.5%), vegetables (83.5%), cereals and grains (82.5%), roots and tubers (80%) and fruits (77.5%) All the respondents reported that income generated from the sale of these products is used to cater for household basic needs thus improving livelihoods. Challenges facing utitization of IFPs include breakdown in the socio-cultural fabric of the community (71.5% ), change in dietary habits among the young generation (62.5%), negative attitudes towards some IFPs (55.5%), competition from conventional western based foodstuffs (47.5% ) and lack of awareness about the nutritional value of most IFPs (37.5%). Measures being used to mitigate the challenges include awareness creation through community meetings (61%), cultural functions (43.5%), community-based organizations (37%) and peer education (34%).

The achievement of educational goals in public secondary schools depends largely on the quality, competence and continuous professional development of teachers. Training opportunities constitute one of the most important components of teacher compensation and providing teachers with the knowledge, skills and competencies required to respond to emerging educational challenges. Despite substantial investments in teacher education, concerns persist regarding declining school effectiveness in many public secondary schools in Nigeria, as evidenced by poor students' academic performance, inadequate goal attainment and unfavourable school climate. This study investigated training opportunities as predictors of school effectiveness in public secondary schools in North-Central Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined the level of training opportunities available to teachers, assessed the level of school effectiveness, determined the relationship between training opportunities and school effectiveness. The study adopted Human Capital Theory and Social Learning Theory as its theoretical foundations. A descriptive survey research design of correlational type was employed. The population comprised principals and teachers in public secondary schools in North-Central Nigeria. Data were collected and analysed using mean, standard deviation, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and regression analysis. Findings revealed that training opportunities were significantly related to school effectiveness and significantly predicted school effectiveness. The study concluded that the provision of adequate training opportunities enhances teachers' competencies and contributes substantially to the effectiveness of public secondary schools. The study recommended increased investment in professional development programmes, regular in service training and institutionalized capacity building initiatives for teachers.

The rapid growth of generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, particularly large language models such as ChatGPT, is transforming higher education globally. However, the adoption of these technologies within universities remains inconsistent, influenced by faculty members’ perceptions, emotional responses, behavioral intentions, AI literacy, and institutional support systems. This study examined university teaching staff’s attitudes, knowledge, practices, and concerns regarding the use of generative AI technologies in higher education. Specifically, it assessed cognitive beliefs, emotional experiences, behavioral intentions, AI literacy, training exposure, and perceptions related to academic integrity. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were simulated using 500 academic staff drawn from public and private universities. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was employed to identify distinct response patterns, while multinomial logistic regression examined predictors of profile membership. Findings revealed three distinct faculty profiles: AI Enthusiasts (28.4%), characterized by strong cognitive perceptions (M = 4.21, SD = 0.58) and high adoption intentions (M = 4.34, SD = 0.51); Cautious Adopters (32.6%), who demonstrated moderate engagement but elevated academic integrity concerns (M = 4.02, SD = 0.71); and AI Skeptics (22.8%), characterized by low cognitive perceptions (M = 2.34, SD = 0.72) and negative emotions. Overall, 67.8% of respondents reported prior AI use, yet only 31.2% had received formal training, while 43.6% lacked awareness of institutional AI policies. Significant differences were observed across all profiles (p < 0.001), with institutional support emerging as a critical factor influencing adoption. The findings underscore the need for targeted AI literacy programs, clear institutional policies, and responsible strategies for AI integration in higher education.

Machine Translation (MT) systems typically rely on large parallel corpora to achieve high translation accuracy; however, Hausa remains a low-resource language due to the limited availability of digital linguistic and speech datasets. This study presents an optimized speech-to-speech Neural Machine Translation (NMT) framework for bilingual Hausa–English translation using a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) autoencoder integrated with the Differential Evolution (DE) optimization algorithm. Speech data were collected from literate Hausa speakers within the medical domain and pre-processed to improve the quality of the dataset. The BiLSTM architecture served as both encoder and decoder to capture contextual information from speech sequences, while a checkpoint mechanism enhanced training stability and convergence. The DE algorithm was applied to optimize the extracted features, reducing computational complexity and improving translation efficiency. Performance evaluation using BLEU score, Word Error Rate (WER), Character Error Rate (CER), and translation accuracy yielded scores of 0.45, 0.18, 0.16, and 83.2%, respectively. Comparative analysis with a baseline model demonstrated improved translation performance and computational efficiency. The results highlight the effectiveness of integrating deep learning and evolutionary optimization techniques to enhance speech-to-speech translation for low-resource language.

Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) services in academic libraries face mounting pressure from the exponential growth of digital scholarly content and the limitations of conventional rule-based systems. In Kenya, these challenges are compounded by manual workflows, static user profiles, and constrained ICT infrastructure, creating a significant gap between researcher information needs and the capacity of existing SDI systems. This paper aims to propose an AI-driven, clustering-based information mining model to enhance SDI services in Kenyan academic libraries. The model integrates K-means clustering, Natural Language Processing (NLP), TF-IDF vectorization, and dynamic user profiling to deliver personalized, timely scholarly content to library users. Grounded in Information Retrieval Theory and Recommender Systems Theory, the study employs a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed articles published between 2013 and 2024, sourced from databases including Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar, using search terms such as “selective dissemination of information,” “AI-driven recommender systems,” “K-means clustering library services,” and “dynamic user profiling.” A design-oriented methodology guided the construction of a five-layer architectural framework, comprising data ingestion, NLP pre-processing, clustering, dynamic profiling, and content delivery modules, validated through expert review against established information retrieval benchmarks. Evidence from existing literature demonstrates that AI-enabled clustering substantially reduces information overload while improving content relevance. Combining K-means clustering with dynamic user profiling ensures researchers receive targeted, discipline-specific scholarly updates in real time. Conceptual validation of the proposed framework against established precision and recall benchmarks from comparable AI-driven library systems indicates that the model is architecturally sound and operationally feasible within the Kenyan academic library context. Expert evaluation further affirmed the model’s modularity and scalability across institutions with varying ICT capacities. The study concludes that AI-driven SDI systems represent a viable and evidence-supported evolution for Kenyan academic libraries, transforming static, rule-based workflows into intelligent, adaptive, user-centred knowledge delivery platforms. The findings carry direct implications for policy and practice. Institutionally, library Managers should allocate budgets for AI infrastructure, pilot clustering based SDI systems, and establish metadata quality standards. Professionally, librarians need structured training in AI literacy and user profiling, which bodies such as the Kenya Library Association (KLA) should integrate into continuing professional development frameworks. At the policy level, regulatory bodies including the Commission for University Education (CUE) should develop ethical governance frameworks covering data privacy, algorithmic transparency, and equitable access. The ICT Authority of Kenya and technology vendors should support infrastructure upgrades,particularly internet connectivity and cloud computing access to sustain AI enabled SDI systems across diverse Kenyan universities. Funding agencies and university councils are further urged to support pilot implementations and longitudinal evaluations of these models.

The Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR) presents Africa with an unprecedented opportunity to reposition education as a strategic driver of sustainable human capital development through the integration of human-centered technologies, inclusive innovation, and indigenous knowledge systems. While current discourse on 5IR has largely focused on higher education, digital transformation, and workforce reskilling, comparatively little attention has been given to the foundational role of early childhood education (ECE) in preparing future generations for the emerging knowledge economy. This paper examines how inclusive early childhood education can serve as a catalyst for sustainable human capital development within the context of Africa's Fifth Industrial Revolution. Drawing on a conceptual review of contemporary literature, policy documents, and international frameworks, the paper synthesizes evidence on the interconnectedness of quality early learning, equity, indigenous pedagogies, digital readiness, and twenty-first-century competencies. It argues that inclusive ECE nurtures cognitive, socio-emotional, creative, collaborative, and problem-solving skills that constitute the bedrock of innovative and adaptable human capital. The paper further highlights the importance of integrating culturally responsive pedagogies, indigenous knowledge, assistive technologies, artificial intelligence-supported learning, and community participation to ensure that no child is excluded from the benefits of educational transformation. It identifies persistent barriers—including inadequate financing, unequal access to digital infrastructure, insufficient teacher capacity, policy implementation gaps, and socio-economic disparities—that constrain Africa's readiness for 5IR. The paper proposes a comprehensive framework emphasizing curriculum innovation, teacher professional development, digital inclusion, policy coherence, multi-sectoral collaboration, and investment in early childhood systems as essential strategies for achieving sustainable transformation. It concludes that positioning inclusive early childhood education at the centre of national human capital development agendas will enable African countries to cultivate resilient, innovative, and globally competitive citizens capable of driving inclusive economic growth and sustainable development in the Fifth Industrial Revolution.

The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in science education is increasingly recognized as an effective strategy for improving instruction and learning outcomes. This study examined the effects of computer simulation on the utilization of lesson time in Physics instruction in secondary schools in Kangundo Sub-County, Kenya. Specifically, it sought to determine whether simulation enhanced efficient use of time compared to conventional methods. A mixed-methods approach guided by a non-equivalent pre-test post-test quasi-experimental design was adopted. The target population comprised 1,560 form one students and 31 Physics teachers, from which a sample of 230 students and six teachers was selected through stratified, purposive, and random sampling. Data were collected using Standardized Physics Achievement Tests, questionnaires, and lesson observations. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square tests, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Findings revealed that computer simulation significantly improved utilization of instructional time. Learners and teachers agreed that simulations reduced demonstration time, enabled understanding after a single demonstration, and allowed easy replay when necessary. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in perceptions of time utilization and instructional efficiency. Consequently, the null hypothesis of no significant difference between groups taught using simulation and conventional methods was rejected. The study concluded that computer simulation is an effective instructional approach that enhances lesson-time efficiency, promotes better concept delivery, and improves learner engagement in Physics.

Landfill licensing is a key regulatory tool for enforcing South Africa’s waste-management hierarchy and protecting water resources. However, the operational performance of licensed municipal landfill sites remains poorly documented. This study assessed the relationship between landfill authorisation, licence-condition compliance and environmental protection in the Upper Vaal Catchment Area. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was applied to 31 operational municipal solid-waste disposal facilities. Data were collected through structured and unstructured questionnaires, a site-observation checklist, geographic positioning system mapping and photographic verification. The findings reveal a clear authorisation-compliance gap. Although 85% of facilities had some form of authorisation, most operated under older Environmental Conservation Act permits rather than licences aligned with the National Environmental Management: Waste Act. Only 8% had the required equipment complement, 32% had adequate access control, 13% showed evidence of active recycling, 42% monitored groundwater and only 29% submitted groundwater-monitoring reports to the licensing authority. These weaknesses were linked to limited municipal capacity, underfunded operations, weak enforcement and slow transition from legacy permits to current licensing standards. The study concludes that landfill licensing functions more effectively as a document-based authorisation system than as a performance-based compliance mechanism.

E-mobility success innovations that have greatly promoted green e-mobility and help significantly reduce carbon emissions in the atmosphere. Electric buses are predominantly in Africa, Asia, Europe mostly that are still characterized by rapid urbanization, urban sprawl, proliferated vehicular traffic in all major cities globally. Light-duty vehicles are an integral part of the global vehicular transport system where passenger cars have by far the highest potential for greenhouse gas emission reductions. In the transport sector's heavy reliance on fossil fuels causes significant ozone layer depletion, environmental degradation, public human health challenges, and escalating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Sustainably meeting the ever-growing demand for transport is not just a concern for developed countries, but also for developing countries. Theoretical background of the transition towards e-mobility is to define more clearly what is meant by e-mobility. research methodology adopted mixed-methods design (quantitative and qualitative) to elaborate e-mobility for environmental sustainability. The research sought to expound the adverse ramifications attributable to significant environmental degradation, public health challenges, and escalating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To achieve a sustainable and inclusive transition to e-mobility, Kenya must undertake comprehensive and strategic actions that address the multifaceted challenges facing the transport sector. further research and development are necessary to optimize the clean, green energy electric vehicles technology, address security concerns and ethical considerations, establish appropriate regulatory frameworks, and ensure public acceptance for environmental sustainability.

The growing urgency to address environmental degradation and climate change has intensified the adoption of green technologies as a strategy for promoting sustainable development. Despite increasing investments in green technologies, there is limited empirical evidence on the mechanisms by which these technologies simultaneously enhance environmental and economic sustainability, particularly through the implementation of circular economy practices. This study investigates the effects of green technologies on environmental and economic sustainability and examines the mediating role of circular economy practices in these relationships. A quantitative, cross-sectional research design is proposed, employing a structured online questionnaire to collect data from manufacturing firms and three retail firms in South Africa that are implementing green technologies. A sample size of 310 sustainability managers, operations managers, environmental managers, production managers, engineering managers, supply chain managers, and senior executives responsible for environmental initiatives was purposively sampled. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test the direct and indirect relationships among the constructs. The study demonstrates that green technologies positively influence both environmental and economic sustainability outcomes. Furthermore, the findings reveal that circular economy practices significantly mediate these relationships by enhancing the effectiveness of green technologies in improving resource efficiency, minimising waste, reducing environmental impacts, and strengthening organisational competitiveness. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, industry practitioners, and business leaders seeking to integrate green technologies with circular economy principles to achieve sustainable organisational performance. The study also offers practical guidance for developing policies and investment strategies that accelerate the transition towards a low-carbon, resource-efficient economy. This research contributes to the sustainability literature by integrating green technologies, circular economy practices, and sustainability outcomes into a comprehensive conceptual framework. The study extends existing knowledge and provides a more holistic understanding of how green technologies create sustainable value by examining environmental and economic sustainability simultaneously, with circular economy practices mediating the relationship between them.

Climate change negatively affects smallholder farmers in South Africa, and several factors, including ageing water infrastructure and ineffective governance systems, exacerbate these impacts. A concurrent embedded mixed-methods research design was used to collect data from smallholder farmers across 15 historical towns in South Africa’s Western Cape Province. A total of 191 participants either answered questionnaires, were interviewed, participated in focus group discussions, or attended stakeholder workshops. The findings revealed that while farmers demonstrate notable resilience through self-reliance and local innovation, systemic barriers severely constrain their adaptive capacity. These barriers included inequitable water allocation, insecure land tenure, unresponsive institutions, and inadequate infrastructure maintenance. Many farmers could not secure formal water licenses because they did not own the land they farmed, a direct legacy of historical dispossession. Governance gaps further compounded these difficulties. Catchment management agencies remain largely non-functional at the local level, policy implementation is weak, and accountability mechanisms are almost absent. Historically disadvantaged groups continue to bear the brunt of these institutional failures. The study demonstrated an urgent need for integrated, participatory solutions that go beyond physical infrastructure to address institutional fragmentation. Several policy proposals emerged from the study. These include streamlining water licensing processes to make them accessible to landless farmers and establishing local water management councils to enable genuine local participation. In addition, there is a need to scale up climate-resilient infrastructure, such as solar-powered drip irrigation and lined dams, and to embed indigenous knowledge into formal adaptation planning. Without such coordinated reforms, smallholder farmers are likely to remain vulnerable to climate shocks, delaying achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.

The growing challenges in the agricultural sector due to climate change have accentuated the need for drought-resistant species, particularly in regions where water scarcity is a chronic problem. The cultivation of drought-resistant species has become crucial for agricultural sustainability and the conservation of medicinal plant resources. As global temperatures rise and weather patterns become more unpredictable, water stress poses a significant threat to horticultural and agricultural productivity, as well as the availability of medicinal plants sourced from the wild or cultivation, which could then affect human health and well-being. Trachyandra divaricata is a native coastal plant from South Africa, with promising drought-tolerant capacity and therapeutic potential. The species is underutilized despite the record of its consumption by the indigenous Khoisan clan. This review highlights the underutilised halophyte T. divaricata, its promising potential in pharmacology, the Asphodelaceae family, their lead phytochemical constituents, and physiological and biochemical mechanisms for drought tolerance. Moreover, the review aims to support the importance of metabolomics in defining how stress can modulate the synthesis of secondary metabolites in plants, which explains how these metabolites can be used to elucidate stress tolerance pathways, defence mechanisms, as well as the medicinal significance of plants’ by-products in the pharmaceutical domain. The review further explores the synthesis of therapeutically active nanoparticles and provides a framework for future research and commercial development using neglected wild edible plants.

Declining agricultural productivity have intensified livelihood challenges, thereby influencing migration patterns and local security dynamics. This study assesses the impact of climate change on migration and security in Osi. It specifically examines the major climate-related environmental changes experienced in the area, investigates the relationship between climate variability and migration patterns, evaluates the security implications associated with climate-induced migration, and identifies coping and adaptation strategies adopted by residents. A mixed-methods research approach was adopted for the study and descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were employed in data analysis. The findings revealed that climate-related factors such as irregular rainfall, prolonged dry seasons, flooding, declining soil fertility, and reduced agricultural productivity significantly contribute to both temporary and permanent migration among residents, particularly youths and farming households. The study further revealed that migration associated with climate stress has implications for local security, including increased competition over scarce resources, unemployment, rural depopulation, social tensions, and rising vulnerability to poverty and crime. In addition, inadequate infrastructure, weak institutional support, and limited climate adaptation measures were identified as factors exacerbating vulnerability in the study area. The study concludes that climate change represents not only an environmental challenge but also a socio-economic and security concern in Osi-Ekiti. The study recommends strengthening climate adaptation policies, improving rural livelihood opportunities, promoting sustainable environmental management, and enhancing local security and social protection systems to reduce climate-induced migration and vulnerability.

Malaria and sickle cell anemia (SCA) impose a compounded disease burden across sub-Saharan Africa, where overlapping clinical presentations, fever, anemia, and jaundice frequently obscure accurate diagnosis in resource-constrained settings. While artificial intelligence has demonstrated considerable promise in single-disease detection, existing diagnostic models operate in isolation, lack multi-class differentiation capabilities, and offer limited interpretability barriers that impede clinical adoption in co-endemic regions. This review synthesizes 87 peer-reviewed studies published between 2017 and 2025, examining ensemble learning and explainable AI (XAI) applications in malaria and SCA diagnostics across image-based and electronic health record modalities. Our analysis reveals three persistent gaps: the absence of multi-class frameworks capable of distinguishing malaria, SCA, co-infection, and other febrile illnesses; the under-utilization of stacking ensembles for integrating heterogeneous clinical and imaging data; and the neglect of clinician-centered XAI evaluation in low-resource settings. We propose a conceptual framework that combines stacking ensembles with SHAP-based explainability to enable hierarchical interpretation of diagnostic decisions. The findings indicate that while explainable ensemble approaches are methodologically mature in other healthcare domains, their application to malaria-SCA co-diagnosis remains unexplored representing both a critical translational gap and a significant opportunity for equity-focused AI research in East African health systems. This review contributes a research roadmap for developing context-aware, interpretable, and integrated diagnostic tools tailored to the epidemiological realities of co-endemic regions.

HIV-malnutrition interactions significantly influence the course of the disease and mortality. Although Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) improves clinical outcomes, very little is known about its effect on the nutritional and clinical status of HIV-positive individuals in Ghana. This study compared the nutritional, haematological, and biochemical profiles of HAART-naïve and HAART-treated adults in the Ashanti region of Ghana. To assess the impact of HAART on Nutritional Deficiencies and Anaemia among HIV-Infected adults in Kumasi, Ghana. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted involving 287 confirmed HIV-positive participants: 108 were HAART-naïve and 179 were on HAART. Data collected included socio-demographics, anthropometry, hematological parameters, CD4 assessments and biochemical indices. Data entry and statistical analyses were done with SPSS 20.0, while significance was set at p<0.05. Correlations between the variables was determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Anaemia prevalence was significantly higher among HAART-naïve participants compared to those on HAART (82.5% vs. 54.7%, p<0.0001), and severe anaemia (Grades 2 & 3) occurred only in the naïve group (30.6%). Microcytic hypochromic anaemia, indicative of iron deficiency, occurred only in HAART-naïve participants (29.2%). Hypozincemia was higher in naïve subjects (67.6% vs. 15.6%, p<0.0001) and hypoalbuminemia higher in naïve participants (40.7% vs. 10.1%, p<0.0001). Haemoglobin positively correlated with CD4 count (r=0.23, p<0.05) and albumin (r=0.30, p<0.01) in HAART-naïve participants and BMI negatively correlated with haemoglobin in both cohorts (Naïve: r=-0.21, p<0.05; HAART: r=-0.23, p<0.01). HAART is associated with improved haematological and biochemical nutritional markers in HIV-positive Ghanaians. Strong correlations between immunological, nutritional, and haematological markers in HAART-naïve patients highlight interrelated pathophysiology that is improved by treatment. Our findings stress the need for integration of regular nutritional assessment and interventions into routine HIV care.

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, leading to increased mortality, prolonged hospital stays, and strained healthcare resources. Antimicrobial stewardship is critical in combating resistant pathogens, but ethical issues surrounding AMR stewardship, particularly in resource-constrained settings such as Kenya, are understudied. Autonomy, justice, and nonmaleficence are frequently overlooked, resulting in unethical behaviour and potential harm to participants or patients. This study explored ethical challenges in AMR stewardship at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) and provided context-specific recommendations to improve ethical oversight in LMICs. A descriptive phenomenology design with purposive sampling was used, and 18 in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted among healthcare professionals at Kenyatta National Hospital. Data were transcribed and analyzed using ATLAS.ti software, while adhering to Colaizzi’s method of phenomenological data analysis. The study involved 18 key informants (27.8% male, 72.2% female). Eight themes emerged: systemic and institutional barriers, privacy and confidentiality, conflict of interest, equity and inclusivity, capacity building, autonomy, multidisciplinary collaboration, and risk-benefit analysis. These themes revealed ethical challenges that hindered AMR stewardship efforts at Kenyatta National Hospital. Ethical principles such as autonomy, justice, and non-maleficence were often compromised due to resource constraints, power imbalances, and external influences. Specific moral dilemmas included surrogate consent for incapacitated patients and failure to adhere to AMR stewardship guidelines. These challenges required urgent reforms and ethical frameworks to prioritize patient rights, collaboration, and equity in AMR stewardship.

Dementia is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive decline in memory, reasoning, behaviour, and the ability to perform everyday activities. It has a rising burden in Nigeria, where access to orthodox treatment is limited, and caregivers often resort to alternative, nature-based remedies. Despite the widespread use of natural remedies in dementia management, ethnopharmacological documentation of this practice is limited. This study aimed to document nature-based remedies used to manage dementia in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, their pattern of use, and to examine the pharmacological evidence supporting the most frequently reported remedies. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional descriptive study design was used to identify and document nature-based remedies among sixty caregivers of dementia patients at Brafem Geriatric Foundation and the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. A total of 53.4% of dementia caregivers reported awareness of natural remedies used for dementia. The most frequently reported remedies were Moringa oleifera (58.5%), local herbal mixtures (47.2%), and Garcinia kola (45.3%), while Curcuma longa, Ginkgo biloba, and coconut oil were also identified. About 25% of caregivers used both drugs and herbal remedies, and only half of these informed their doctor. Remedies were perceived as safe, affordable, readily available, and effective with no side effects reported. A review of the pharmacological studies showed that the four most frequently reported plants possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cholinesterase-inhibitory activities, which may contribute to their neuroprotective effects. This study contributes to the preservation of indigenous knowledge and identifies medicinal plants that warrant further phytochemical, pharmacological, and clinical evaluation for dementia management.

Cervical cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among women, especially in developing countries. Despite increased awareness and the availability of screening methods, the uptake of cervical cancer screening remains low in Nigeria. This study assessed the influence of risk behaviours and level of knowledge on cervical cancer screening practices among female academic and non-academic staff in two tertiary institutions in North Central Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted using structured and pretested questionnaires to obtain data on socio-demographic characteristics, awareness, knowledge of cervical cancer, associated risk behaviours, and screening. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square tests to determine associations between variables, while risk estimates were presented with 95% confidence intervals. Of the 1,311 respondents, 1,154 (88%; 95% CI: 86–90%) reported being aware of cervical cancer, but only 352 (27%; 95% CI: 24–29%) had undergone screening. Screening uptake was significantly higher among women exposed to multiple information sources (p < .001). Higher knowledge of cervical cancer risk factors was strongly associated with increased screening uptake (OR: 4.1; 95% CI: 3.0–5.9), with significant associations observed across all knowledge domains (p < .0001). However, information exposure showed no significant relationship with risky sexual behaviours (p = .09). Knowledge level and diverse information sources positively influence cervical cancer screening uptake, though barriers remain. Despite high awareness, screening rates are still low among educated Nigerian women. Improved access to credible information increases knowledge and participation. A combined approach using education, accessible services, and innovative screening methods is needed to improve uptake and support cervical cancer prevention.

Air pollution remains a critical environmental health challenge in rapidly urbanizing African cities, with children disproportionately affected due to their vulnerability and daily exposure. This study investigates the health implications of ambient air pollutants among secondary school children in Lagos State, Nigeria, where many schools are located adjacent to major highways. Employing a cross-sectional design, the research combined real-time air quality monitoring with structured health surveys and activity diaries across 45 purposively selected schools. Key pollutants assessed included fine and coarse particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O₃), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Findings revealed a substantial symptom burden: 86.4% of students reported recurrent headaches, while 73% experienced persistent coughing. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant positive associations between PM2.5 (r = 0.05) and NO₂ (r = 0.03) with eye and nasal irritation, headaches, and coughs. Ozone and VOCs exhibited weaker but positive correlations with asthma, with ozone showing a highly significant impact on asthma attacks (p = 0.000). These results underscore that traffic-related emissions in school micro-environments are direct triggers for acute respiratory and neurological symptoms among children. The study highlights the urgent need for integrated interventions, including improved school siting policies, vegetation buffers, dust suppression, and community-driven air quality management. By situating these findings within the One Health framework, the research emphasizes the interconnectedness of environmental exposures and human well-being. Furthermore, it calls for inclusive innovation and citizen science approaches such as low-cost sensor networks and participatory monitoring to empower communities and policymakers in mitigating pollution. Ultimately, addressing air quality in African schools is essential for safeguarding child health, enhancing educational outcomes, and advancing sustainable transformation in the era of the Fifth Industrial Revolution.

Social network platforms have evolved and their usage is now spanning across numerous applications. This popularity is occasioned by the recent increase in number of internet users who utilize these networking platforms for mutual interactions. In spite of these successes, the surging social interactions have attracted adversaries, who now target these networks with spam contents. These unwanted or unsolicited contents and messages have the potential of irritating users and compromising the overall quality of these social networking platforms. Due to the devastating effects that spam has on the credibility of the platform and users, the recent past has witnessed concerted efforts in the development of spam detection techniques. These spam detection mechanisms are based on diverse learning models such as deep learning, conventional machine learning, and large language models. These models have exhibited varied success capabilities in spam detection. Nevertheless, majority of these spam detection models still face numerous challenges that must be resolved. For instance, some of these models have challenges in the extraction of relevant features especially when dealing with short social media comments. In addition, current deep learning and large language models face serious challenges concerning contextual understanding of messages as well as the need for huge computational resources. In this paper, we propose a Lexical Semantics-Aware recurrent neural network (LSA-RNN) that facilitates optimal lexical understanding of spam messages in short-text tasks such as SMS or email. Extensive performance evaluations are performed using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, area under curve receiver operating characteristics (AUC-ROC) based on three different datasets. The results indicate that the proposed spam detection model attained the most ideal performance compared with other base models as well as the state-of-the-art models in this domain.

Generally, ground water flow in porous media on microscopic level is three-dimensional. However, when we consider regional flow problems, that is ground water flow on a microscopic level, it is noted that because of the low ratio of aquifer thickness to horizontal length the flow in the aquifer is practically horizontal. Flow in confined aquifers is therefore described by a two-dimensional second order non-linear partial differential equation with variable coefficient on a finite domain. We examine the case of a confined aquifer that is being pumped and recharged at the same time. The concept of stability, consistency and convergence of the solution are assumed since the numerical schemes involved are known to be unconditionally stable for all finite values for mesh ratio. We illustrate and present a numerical example.

In Kenya, the construction industry is undergoing significant transformation, with many individuals expressing concern over the increasingly programmatic nature of building homes. While construction has traditionally been seen as a personal and flexible endeavor, recent trends suggest that people are encountering more challenges and regulations that make it difficult for them to build homes with ease. This research explores the reasons behind the shift toward programmatic construction and investigates the challenges that homeowners and developers are facing in Kenya’s ever-changing construction landscape. Furthermore, it suggests possible solutions to address these challenges, ensuring a more inclusive, affordable, and accessible construction environment for all Kenyans.

Propensity Score Matching (PSM) is widely used to estimate causal treatment effects from observational data by reducing confounding bias arising from non-random treatment assignment. Conventional propensity score estimation based on logistic regression may, however, inadequately capture complex nonlinear relationships and interactions among covariates, potentially leading to suboptimal covariate balance and biased treatment effect estimates. This study developed a Bayesian Propensity Score Matching framework that integrates Random Forest (RF) and Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) for enhanced propensity score estima-tion and causal effect inference. The proposed framework was evaluated using the Lindner cardiovascular dataset. The predictive performance of the machine learning models was assessed using the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC), Log-loss, and Brier Score, while covariate balance was evaluated using standardized mean differences before and after matching. Treatment effects were estimated using the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT), with bootstrap confidence intervals for the RF model and posterior credible intervals for the Bayesian BART model. The results demonstrated that Bayesian BART outperformed Random Forest in propensity score estimation, achieving a higher AUC (0.7250 versus 0.5813), lower Log-loss (0.5422 versus 0.7875), and lower Brier Score (0.1816 versus 0.2265), indicating superior discrimination and calibration of treatment assignment probabilities. Bayesian BART also produced better covariate balance after matching, reducing the maximum absolute standardized mean difference to 0.1991 compared with 0.2782 for the Random Forest model. Furthermore, the Bayesian framework yielded a more precise treatment effect estimate, with an ATT of 0.3900 and a posterior standard deviation of 0.0734, compared with an ATT of 0.2900 and a bootstrap standard deviation of 0.1786 for the Random Forest model. The posterior 95% credible interval for Bayesian BART (0.2486, 0.5367) indicated a statistically meaningful positive treatment effect. These findings demonstrate that integrating Bayesian machine learning into propensity score matching improves propensity score estimation, enhances covariate balance, provides principled uncertainty quantification, and strengthens causal effect estimation in observational studies.

This study aims to translate selected Artificial Intelligence (AI) terminology into the Yoruba language to enhance vocabulary and technical understanding within the Yoruba-speaking community, while aligning with the human-centered and sustainability-driven ethos of the Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR) in Africa. Moving beyond the efficiency-focused paradigm of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), this research recognizes the 5IR’s emphasis on ethical innovation, cultural inclusion, and the harmonious integration of technology with human values. The research adopts a Linguistic Equivalency and Cultural Context approach to ensure accurate, culturally resonant translations of English and Arabic AI terms into Yoruba. This interdisciplinary framework draws on Yoruba texts, morphology, lexicography, semantics, ICT, and science, while also embedding 5IR principles such as inclusivity, ethical responsibility, and sustainable knowledge systems. Key stages include a comprehensive literature review, collection of existing dictionaries, development of a specialized glossary, identification of Yoruba equivalents for AI concepts, iterative translation and validation, and cultural adaptation. In conclusion, the study situates language as a bridge between advanced technologies and indigenous knowledge systems, reflecting the 5IR vision of technology that serves humanity rather than displacing it.

Environmental changes associated with global warming have altered human activities within ecological zones, leading to the emergence of new habitats suitable for malaria vectors. In Bungoma County, located in the western Kenya highlands, populations of malaria vectors remain dynamic due to environmental factors that favor the growth and development of Anopheles gambiae. Land-use changes continue to create new habitats which attract gravid Anopheles gambiae females seeking oviposition sites. The emergence of these habitats, together with inconsistent data on malaria vector distribution within ecological zones, highlights the need for continuous vector surveillance to support effective malaria control strategies. This study assessed the productivity of Anopheles gambiae larvae in habitats within Chwele, Bungoma County, western Kenya highlands, over a 13-month period across different seasons in both disturbed and undisturbed habitats. A total of 6,851 Anopheles gambiae larvae were sampled and analyzed using R version 4.3.2. Larval collections were highest in October and March, while the lowest numbers were recorded between June and August. In undisturbed habitats, significant differences in the productivity of first and second instar larvae were observed across seasons (p < 0.05), as well as between first and fourth instars. Comparison of productivity between disturbed and undisturbed habitats showed a small mean difference of 0.007 (p = 0.868), although higher numbers of fourth instar larvae were recorded in undisturbed habitats. Undisturbed habitats were more productive during the dry season. During the wet season, both habitat types exhibited lower productivity of second instar larvae but higher numbers of fourth instar larvae. The study confirmed that both disturbed and undisturbed habitats in Chwele, western Kenya highlands, are productive breeding sites for Anopheles gambiae larvae and should therefore be considered in larval source management programs in an effort to reduce malaria burden in Bungoma county.

Rural-urban youth migration presents a critical challenge to agricultural sustainability and food security in The Gambia, particularly in the Central River Region South (CRR-South). This study assesses the effects of youth out-migration on the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices and food output in CRR-South, a region identified as a priority area for climate resilience interventions. Drawing on recent project data from the RICAR initiative, EU-funded agroecology programs, and migration studies conducted between 2022-2026, the research employs a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative analysis of agricultural output indicators with qualitative interviews of remaining farming households. Findings indicate that youth out-migration has reduced the agricultural labor force by an estimated 40-60% in affected communities, directly constraining the adoption of labor-intensive sustainable practices such as agroecology and ecosystem-based adaptation. However, emerging evidence shows that targeted interventions—including climate-smart enterprise grants (D150,000-D195,000), Farmer Field Schools, and cereal banking systems—have enabled some returnees and remaining youth to establish sustainable ventures that create local employment. The study identifies a paradox: while migration depletes rural labor, remittances and return migration with acquired skills can facilitate investment in sustainable intensification. Policy implications include the need for youth-friendly agricultural financing, secure land tenure systems, and rural infrastructure development to make agriculture a viable livelihood option for young Gambians.

The increasing demand for animal protein and the rising cost of conventional feed ingredients necessitate the exploration of sustainable alternative protein sources. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), rich in protein and bioactive compounds, offer a promising feed resource. However, limited information exists on its storage stability, particularly in defatted form. This study evaluated shelf-life and quality changes of poultry feeds formulated with defatted BSFL meal over a six-month storage period. The experiment was conducted at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kakamega. Four dietary treatments (0%, 25%, 50%, and 100% inclusion levels for defatted BSFL meal) were analyzed at 0, 2, 4, and 6 months for proximate composition, moisture content, free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value, and microbial load using AOAC 2005 procedures. Data was subjected to one-way analysis of variance using statistical analysis software, and significant means were separated by Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference at 5% level of significance. Results showed a significant decline (p<0.05) in crude protein and fat content over time, while crude fibre, crude ash, and moisture content increased. Moisture levels rose progressively, exceeding recommended standards, predisposing feeds to spoilage. Lipid oxidation increased as indicated by rising peroxide values, while FFA showed fluctuating trends. Yeast and mold counts peaked at mid-storage but declined by month six, suggesting stabilization under prevailing conditions. No significant differences were observed among treatments for most parameters. Defatted BSFL meal demonstrated improved storage stability due to reduced lipid oxidation. The findings indicate that defatted BSFL-based feeds can maintain acceptable nutritional quality for up to six months if properly processed and stored. This supports their potential as a sustainable alternative protein source in poultry production systems, particularly in resource-constrained regions, thereby contributing to sustainable livestock production and organic waste valorization.

In a context where artisanal cheese production in Burundi remains constrained by the absence of standardized processes, unstable microbiological quality, and limited nutritional value, this study was undertaken to develop a probiotic-enriched artisanal cheese and to evaluate its physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics. Four probiotic strains (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, Bifidobacterium breve, and B. animalis ssp. lactis) were selected and directly incorporated into pasteurized cow’s milk following an optimized artisanal protocol. Eleven formulations, including both multi-strain and single-strain combinations, were produced at the WATHEVA enterprise (Ngozi) and subsequently analyzed at the National Center for Food Technology (CNTA) in Bujumbura. Results showed that probiotic incorporation did not alter the coagulation or texture of the cheese but significantly enhanced lactic flora levels (8.99 ± 0.07 log CFU/g compared to 7.12 ± 0.14 log CFU/g for the control, p < 0.05) and reduced the presence of coliforms (1.93 ± 0.25 log CFU/g vs. 3.97 ± 0.04 log CFU/g), as well as pathogens such as E. coli and S. aureus. Fat (28.04 ± 1.91%) and protein (19.13 ± 1.05%) contents remained within acceptable standards, whereas antibiotic residues (tetracyclines, macrolides, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol) were markedly reduced, suggesting a detoxifying effect of the probiotics. Sensory evaluation with a panel of 40 consumers revealed a strong preference for multispecies cheeses, particularly formulations C1 (L. plantarum 40%, L. casei 30%, B. animalis 20%, B. breve 10%), A2 (L. plantarum 30%, L. casei 20%, B. animalis 40%, B. breve 10%), and C2 (L. plantarum 25%, L. casei 20%, B. animalis 40%, B. breve 15%), which were rated higher for taste, texture, and aroma harmony. Multivariate analyses (PCA and HCA) confirmed the superior overall quality of these formulations, clustering them within the best-performing group. These findings demonstrate the feasibility and technological relevance of probiotic enrichment to enhance the quality and safety of artisanal cheeses, while offering promising prospects for the industrial valorization of local milk production in Burundi.

Cowpea is a strategic and vital crop for developing nations due to its contributions to food security and economic development for farmers. The crop is susceptible to numerous viruses which are spread by insect vectors and seeds causing severe damages to cowpea fields. Seed-borne viruses severely impact agriculture creating significant economic damage and present a huge challenge in the management of cowpea viral diseases worldwide. The study carried out in Kwara-State north-central Nigeria, sought to evaluate the seed-borne viruses of cowpea and the transmission potential to cowpea seedlings. Cowpea seed varieties comprising of local landraces and improved varieties were randomly collected from 40 farm locations in the forest and savanna agroecological zones. A total of 400 seeds were assayed by ACP-ELISA to identify 4 viruses which infect cowpea in Nigeria. Six representative seed varieties were subjected to potted experiment to determine virus transmission to seedlings. The result of the identification of viruses indicated the prominence of CPMoV along with CABMV, CYMV and BICMV. The viruses occurred singly and in mixed infections of the 4 viruses, confirming the presence of seed-borne viruses on cowpea. The pot investigation revealed high virus transmission rate of 13.1% to 19.4%, implying infected seeds can enable the rapid establishment of viruses to seedlings. These findings are of grave concern owing to the possibility of huge crop losses, famine and food insecurity. The key strategies to curb this menace should include developing virus resistant cowpea seed varieties for planting and improving diagnostic tools for regular virus assessment.

This study examined the socio-economic characteristics of tomato farmers, perceived effects of climate change (CC) on production, their training needs between farmers’ competence and importance rating on tomato climate-smart measures. A total of 256 tomato farmers were recruited for the study. A Borich model analysis was employed to identify the training needs of tomato farmers regarding their vulnerabilities to climate change. Majority of the repondents were male (92.19%) and married (95.31%). Heat stress leading to complete loss of tomato produce was the most severe effect of CC (mean = 4.03) with high overall effect (85.1%). Temperature forecasts to adjust planting, use shading, and select heat-tolerant varieties (mean = 0.24); resistant tomato varieties against key pests to reduce losses from climate-driven pest surges (mean = 0.20); staking and pruning to reduce disease incidence (mean = 0.20); solar-powered water pumps to reduce fossil fuel use for irrigation (mean = 0.31); crop diversification economics to balance land use and reduce environmental pressure (mean = 0.59); and APPEALS programme enrolment for tomato groups in demonstrations and matching grants (mean = 0.37) were the topmost training needs across climatology, entomology, agronomy, mechanisation, agricultural economics, and extension services respectively. Regression analysis revealed climate vulnerability, household size and access to knowledge as key determinants of training needs. This confirms that the tomato farmers’ training needs is largely driven by human capital depth and climate vulnerability. Thus, extension training outreach should focus on areas of training needs identified to reduce vulnerability without neglecting improving human capital.

Black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens L. is a non-vector insect with larvae capable of transforming organic waste streams into high-quality protein biomass. Utilizing these larvae, livestock farmers can significantly cut production costs and boost earnings. For sustainable commercial production of BSF larvae (BSFL) in Nigeria, it is crucial to use organic wastes that are affordable, readily available, and suitable for rearing. Cattle-rumen-content, a by-product of slaughtering processes in abattoirs, and fruit rinds are common wastes generated in large amounts in Nigerian markets. Here, we assessed the suitability of cattle-rumen-content waste (CRC100), fruit wastes (FRW100) and a 1:1 mix of both (CRC50:FRW50) for rearing quality BSF. Five-day-old-larvae (5DOL) were reared on mashed-pulps of each waste-type substrate. Their survival, growth and development were determined in an experiment with commercial chicken feed (CF) as control substrate. BSF survival from 11DOL to 40DOL on CRC100 (98.0 to 93.76%), FRW100 (100 to 86.28%), CRC50:FRW50 (98.0 to 87.52%), CF (100 to 82.50%) was generally high. Larvae reared on CRC50:FRW50 were significantly longer (15.82mm) and wider (4.17mm) than those reared on CRC100 at 15DOL. At 19DOL, the percentage of BSFL on CF substrate that had developed into pre-pupa larvae (57.52%) was significantly higher (p<0.001) than on CRC50:FRW50 (26.32%), FRW100 (13.84%) or CRC100 (2.60%). Days-to-first adult on CF (25.6 days) was comparable (p>0.05) to CRC50:FRW50 (27.8 days) and CRC100 (29.0 days) but not FRW100 (32.0 days). However, crude protein content of 15- and 19-DOL reared on fruit wastes (47.23 and 46.60%) and food wastes (43.02 and 45.42%), respectively were comparable to those of soya meal (44-46%) – a major livestock feed ingredient in the study area. It was concluded that combining both types of waste was more suitable for rearing quality BSF than using each type alone.

Youth employment remains a major socio-economic challenge in North Central Nigeria despite the employment opportunities available in agriculture. However, youth participation in agricultural activities is constrained by inadequate access to credit facilities, limited modern farming technologies, insecurity in rural communities, and preference for white-collar jobs. This study assessed youths’ willingness to participate in agricultural activities and its effects on unemployment reduction in North Central, Nigeria. The study was guided by the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Human Capital Theory (HCT). A multistage sampling technique was used to select 387 respondents, while primary data were collected through the use of a structured questionnaire. Data were analyse using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as Probit regression and T-test analysis. The results revealed that the mean age of the respondents was 27.9 years, 53.2% were male, 53.5% were married, and 45.5% possessed tertiary education qualifications. About 70% of the respondents had access to land, with an average farm size of 1.3 hectares, while 68.7% lacked access to credit facilities and 62.8% were not members of cooperative societies. High participation was recorded among crop producers, livestock producers, transporters, and processors. Probit regression analysis showed that age, gender, years of schooling, employment status, type of agricultural activity, reasons for participation, and farming type significantly influence the youths’ willingness to participate in agriculture. Findings further revealed that youth participation in agriculture significantly improved standard of living, agricultural skills acquisition, income generation, job creation, livelihood diversification, and reduction in rural-urban migration at p≤0.01. The study concluded that agricultural participation is a viable strategy for reducing youth unemployment and improving livelihoods in North Central Nigeria. It recommended improved incentives, agribusiness support programmes, access to modern farming technologies, and strengthened rural security to enhance youth participation in agriculture and reduce unemployment in the country.

Plantain-based poundo is increasingly promoted as a functional food for individuals managing diabetes and metabolic disorders. Processing conditions, particularly steaming, may alter starch composition, digestibility, and glycemic response, yet cultivar-specific effects remain underexplored. This study examined the impact of steaming parameters and varietal differences (yellow vs. white fingers) on carbohydrate fractions, starch digestibility, and blood glucose response. Yellow and white plantain fingers were subjected to controlled steaming (92–94 °C, 7–8 min) or left unsteamed. Flours were prepared and analysed for starch fractions (amylose, amylopectin), reducing and non-reducing sugars, and in vitro digestibility. Blood glucose responses were assessed relative to glucose control. Steaming significantly modifies starch composition. Yellow steamed fingers (92 °C for 8 min) showed the highest starch (80.28%) and amylose (38.25%), while unsteamed yellow fingers retained the highest amylopectin (80.50%). White steamed fingers (94 °C for 7 min) exhibited lower starch (74.55%) and amylose (26.25%) but higher amylopectin (73.75%). Reducing sugars peaked in unsteamed yellow fingers (2.88%), with steaming reducing both sugar fractions. Digestibility was highest in white steamed fingers (34.46%) but lower in yellow steamed and unsteamed samples (~25%). All plantain-based poundo elicited significantly lower blood glucose responses (4.69–4.87 mg/dL) compared to glucose control (6.56 mg/dL). Resistant starch formation in yellow steamed samples likely contributed to moderated glycemic responses, while white steamed samples, despite higher digestibility, still decreased postprandial glucose relative to pure glucose. Therefore, steaming conditions and varietal differences critically influence starch composition, digestibility, and glycemic response in plantain-based poundo. Yellow steamed fingers exhibited higher amylose and resistant starch, supporting moderated glycemia, whereas white steamed fingers showed higher digestibility. These findings underscore the importance of varietal selection and processing optimisation in developing plantain-based functional foods for metabolic health management.

Tropical fruits are important sources of carbohydrates, dietary fibre, essential minerals, vitamins, and natural antioxidants that contribute significantly to food security, nutrition, and human health. However, increasing demand for fresh fruits has encouraged adulteration practices including artificial ripening using ethylene gas, addition of artificial sweeteners, and application of synthetic dyes to improve fruit appearance, sweetness, and marketability. These practices alter the nutritional quality and antioxidant potential of fruits, yet limited scientific information exists on their effects on different fruit fractions. This study evaluated the effects of common fruit adulteration practices on the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of selected tropical fruit fractions in Eldoret, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. A completely randomized laboratory-based experimental design was employed using banana, mango, pineapple, and watermelon. Fresh fruits served as controls, while banana and mango were subjected to ethylene-induced ripening, pineapple was treated with saccharin, and watermelon was adulterated using a synthetic food dye. Flesh, peel, and/or seed fractions were analysed on Days 1, 3, and 7 after treatment. Nutritional analyses included moisture, ash, crude fat, carbohydrate content, ascorbic acid and mineral composition, while antioxidant activity was determined using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay following standard AOAC analytical procedures. Adulteration significantly (p < 0.05) affected several nutritional and antioxidant parameters. Mineral composition remained relatively stable across treatments, although slight declines were observed with prolonged storage due to tissue deterioration. Fruit peels consistently exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher mineral content, and antioxidant activity compared to edible flesh, while watermelon seeds contained appreciable levels of minerals and antioxidant compounds. This study concludes that common fruit adulteration practices compromise the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of tropical fruits. Therefore, there is need to strengthened regulation of fruit adulteration practices and further research on safer technologies for maintaining fruit quality while preserving nutritional and antioxidant integrity.

Choosing a career path is a complex and pivotal decision for students. In Kenya, the rollout of the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) has repositioned Home Science as a critical learning area, integrating it into Primary school under Agriculture and Nutrition, Junior School under Pre-Technical Studies and offering it as an elective pathway in Senior School. Consequently, this systemic shift has heightened the demand for qualified Home Science educators and professionals across all educational tiers. This study examined the influence of job opportunity availability on career choices within Home Science Education programmes at selected Kenyan universities. Guided by the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), the study adopted a convergent parallel mixed-methods design. Research was conducted across Uasin Gishu and Kiambu counties, utilizing purposive sampling to select two universities offering specialized Home Science Education programmes. The study sample comprised 254 undergraduate students and 2 Heads of Departments. Data collection was triangulated using questionnaires, interview schedules, and focus group discussion guides. Quantitative data was analyzed via descriptive statistics and presented through tables and graphs, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. The findings revealed that the primary drivers for students selecting Home Science Education were the expanding job market catalyzed by the CBC rollout, strong personal interest in the discipline, and effective institutional guidance and counseling. The study concludes that outcome expectations, specifically immediate job availability linked to CBC implementation, significantly dictate student career choices. Based on these insights, the study recommends that the Ministry of Education, in consultation with the Teachers Service Commission (TSC), Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development (KICD), and the Commission for University Education (CUE), should: expand the number of universities accredited to offer Home Science Education; increase funding for CBC-aligned teacher training pathways; and robustly strengthen career guidance frameworks in Junior and Senior Schools to illuminate emerging professional opportunities in Home Science.

With the increasing influence of climate change on the environment, novel educational approaches become necessary. These should be aimed at providing youth with the competencies, knowledge, and attitudes to facilitate sustainable development. Furthermore, the Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR) emphasizes people-focused innovations, technologies, and inclusive participation in solving social problems. Despite the recently revised curriculum in Kenya, the current approach to climate change education remains theoretical, providing few opportunities for practical participation in citizen science, digital environmental monitoring, and climate action. This study proposes a practical framework for integrating citizen science in climate change education in Kenyan secondary schools. The framework encourages learners to participate in such activities as environmental observation, biodiversity monitoring, tree planting, waste audit, weather recording, climate adaptation projects with proper digital tools, utilizing indigenous knowledge systems. With the combination of theoretical lessons, community involvement, and modern technologies, the proposed framework seeks to promote climate literacy, critical thinking, environmental consciousness, and problem-solving skills among Learners. This study is based on the results of research related to Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), climate literacy, citizen science, and competency-based education, that proper integration of citizen science makes students active participants of climate resilience in local and national contexts instead of passive receivers of information. The suggested framework aligns with the Competency-Based Curriculum, Sustainable Development Goals, and goals of the Fifth Industrial Revolution, promoting inclusive innovation and sustainable change. Finally, the paper highlights the necessity for enhanced collaboration between schools, universities, local communities, governmental and non-governmental institutions, and environmental organizations to ensure practical climate change education and readiness of youth to become future environmental citizens.

Higher education in Africa faces challenges in aligning teaching and learning with Competency-Based Education (CBE) reforms. Traditional lecture-driven models often fail to cultivate critical thinking, creativity, and practical skills. This gap undermines the philosophy of competency, particularly the axiom “I do, We do, You do”, which emphasizes progressive, constructivist, and humanistic approaches to instruction. This paper seeks to advance the situational philosophy of competency in higher education by reflecting on how progressive, constructivist, and humanistic pedagogies can transform African university classrooms. It aims to provide a framework for integrating competency-based practices into higher education to enhance learner autonomy, collaboration, and mastery. The study adopts a qualitative reflective approach, drawing on philosophical analysis, document review of African higher education reforms, and case illustrations from Kenyan universities implementing CBE. The methodology emphasizes interpretive inquiry and critical reflection rather than empirical measurement. The paper discusses that the philosophical foundations of competency in education is rooted in progressivism, constructivism, and humanism. The role of the “I do, We do, You do” model in fostering gradual learner independence. Challenges in African universities, including teacher preparedness, curriculum rigidity, and resource constraints. Opportunities for embedding competency mapping, skills development, and authentic assessment into higher education.
The paper reflects on the tension between traditional knowledge transmission and competency-driven pedagogy. It highlights how African classrooms can shift toward learner-centered instruction, emphasizing collaboration, experiential learning, and contextual problem-solving. The paper concludes that; the situational philosophy of competency provides a viable pathway for African universities to align teaching with CBE reforms. It bridges theory and practice by operationalizing progressive, constructivist, and humanistic approaches in classroom instruction. Key recommendations are: Strengthening faculty development programs to equip lecturers with CBE pedagogical skills, redesign curricula to integrate competency-based outcomes and performance tasks, investing in learning resources and infrastructure to support active learning and encouraging policy harmonization across African higher education systems to sustain competency reforms.

The rapid diffusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools into classrooms, raises urgent questions about whether in-service teachers are prepared to adopt them meaningfully, particularly in teaching mathematics where pedagogical precision is critical. This study investigates the readiness of in-service Senior High School (SHS) mathematics teachers in the Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana to integrate AI into their instructional practice. Grounded in a pragmatic paradigm, the study adopts an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, integrating three complementary theoretical lenses: the Technology Readiness Index (TRI 2.0), the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2), and the AI Literacy Framework. The integration of these frameworks helped to address a notable gap in existing technology-adoption literature within African secondary education section. The quantitative phase surveys 192 mathematics teachers across ten public SHS in the Cape Coast Metropolis, using Partial Least Square Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to test hypothesized relationship between technology dimensions, behavioral intention. And AI literacy. A qualitative follow-up phase which employed maximum variation sampling, explored teachers lived experience and contextual barriers to AI adoption, explaining and enriching the quantitative findings. The study identified five gaps in literature: geographic, subject-specific, theoretical, methodology, and policy-practice. Anticipated findings will offer empirical insights into the readiness profiles for SHS mathematics teachers in Ghana and inform teacher-education policy, professional development design, and AI-integration strategy across Sub-Saharan African secondary education.

Higher education institutions play a critical role in developing the knowledge, competencies, and values required for graduates to thrive in an increasingly interconnected and digitally driven world. This paper examines an Enhanced Service-Learning (E-SL) initiative implemented by the Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) that promotes human capital development through community-engaged, digitally mediated learning. The initiative brought together senior students from Consumer Science: Food and Nutrition, Environmental Health, and Environmental Management to work collaboratively with migrant and local informal food vendors in Cape Town's central business district. Implemented as part of the Erasmus+-funded Co-Producing Knowledge on Sustainable Growth through Service-Learning Pedagogy between African and European HEIs (COPAFEU) project, the initiative formed part of a broader transnational partnership involving African and European universities committed to collaborative learning, knowledge exchange, and capacity development. The project sought to strengthen students' practical, digital, intercultural, and entrepreneurial competencies while simultaneously supporting community participants through knowledge-sharing activities focused on food safety, marketing, budgeting, and small-business sustainability. Through a collaborative co-creation process, students, vendors and learning facilitators developed Open Educational Resources (OERs) and Massive Open Online Courses (MMOCS), or material that was used to develop these resources using accessible technologies such as smartphones. These activities transformed local experiences into globally accessible educational resources and promoted inclusive knowledge production. Drawing on qualitative data from student reflective journals, interviews with food vendors, student reflections, and multimedia artefacts, the study explores the educational and developmental outcomes of the initiative. Findings suggest that participation enhanced students' digital literacy, intercultural competence, problem-solving abilities, and global citizenship, ability to apply skills learnt in class, while vendors benefited from practical skills development and increased access to knowledge resources. The paper argues that digitally enabled service-learning offers a powerful framework for human capital development by integrating academic learning with real-world engagement, fostering reciprocal learning relationships, and preparing graduates and communities to participate meaningfully in a globally connected knowledge economy.

The fast changing realities of the 21st century are reshaping the knowledge, skills, and competencies learners need to have in order to succeed. This therefore require a fundamental shift in how education is designed and delivered. This study focuses on the integrated promotion of three essential priorities: the development of key 21st-century competencies such as creativity, collaboration, and critical thinking; the provision of equitable and inclusive access to quality education for all learners; and the meaningful use of technology to enhance teaching and learning processes. Central to this research is the belief that digital literacy and 21st-century skills should be accessible to all learners, regardless of their backgrounds, abilities, or learning styles. The study highlights the importance of inclusive pedagogical practices that value diversity and support learners as individuals. It further examines the role of technology particularly Artificial Intelligence in personalizing learning experiences, providing assistive tools, and generating data driven insights to address diverse learning needs. At the same time, the study emphasizes the ethical and responsible use of technology to ensure that it deepens understanding, increases engagement, and genuinely supports learning outcomes. The participants comprise teachers and students from diverse educational settings, including inclusive classrooms, with additional support from school administrators, instructional technology specialists, and curriculum developers. While existing research has extensively explored 21st-century competencies, inclusive education, and technology-enhanced learning as separate domains, there remains a significant lack of empirical evidence examining their combined implementation in authentic classroom contexts. How these three core elements intersect and reinforce one another in practice remains insufficiently understood. The findings of this study underscore the importance of cross-sector collaboration in creating inclusive, technology-enhanced learning environments that empower all learners to develop essential competencies, reach their full potential, and thrive in an increasingly complex and rapidly evolving world.

The Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR) is reshaping education through human-centred artificial intelligence (AI), creating new opportunities for sustainable human capital development while simultaneously presenting complex ethical and governance challenges for educational institutions. As Kenya advances implementation of the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC), secondary schools are increasingly adopting AI-enabled technologies to support teaching, learning, assessment, and institutional management. However, existing Educational Management scholarship and AI governance frameworks remain largely technology-driven, regulatory, or higher education-oriented, offering limited guidance on how secondary school leaders can ethically govern AI within African educational contexts. Addressing this conceptual and theoretical gap, this paper employs a systematic critical integrative literature review and theory-building conceptual synthesis informed by Ethical Leadership Theory, Responsible Innovation Theory, the Technology Acceptance Model, and the UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (2021). The review develops the Ethical Educational Leadership for Artificial Intelligence Governance Framework (EELAIGF), an original Educational Management framework that conceptualizes ethical educational leadership as the institutional driver linking responsible AI governance, educational justice, stakeholder trust, inclusive innovation, and sustainable human capital development. Unlike existing AI governance models that primarily emphasize technological regulation or operational efficiency, EELAIGF advances Educational Management theory by positioning ethical leadership as the strategic mechanism through which responsible AI adoption promotes institutional accountability, digital equity, learner protection, organizational resilience, and continuous policy improvement. The framework provides an African-centred governance model aligned with the University of Eldoret U6+ International Conference theme, 'Africa and the Fifth Industrial Revolution: Inclusive Innovation, Indigenous and Citizen Science for Sustainable Transformation.' The paper contributes new knowledge by extending AI governance beyond technological implementation to an ethically grounded educational leadership paradigm that offers a theoretically robust foundation for educational policy, leadership preparation, institutional governance, and future empirical research aimed at advancing sustainable educational transformation across Africa.

The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into higher education presents both opportunities and ethical dilemmas for African universities. The context of the problem lies in the tension between technological adoption and the preservation of the teaching profession’s integrity, alongside equitable student learning outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the ethical dimensions of adopting UNESCO’s AI Competency Frameworks (2024–2026) within African higher education, with a focus on balancing professional teaching practices and student-centered learning. The paper is guided by the following objectives: to analyze the ethical implications of AI competency adoption, to evaluate its impact on teaching professionalism and pedagogical identity, and to propose strategies for harmonizing AI-driven innovation with inclusive learning. The theoretical framework draws upon Dewey’s Constructivist Pedagogy Theory, Maslow’s Humanistic Philosophy Theory and the Ramose’s Ubuntu ethics Theory, situating AI adoption within African communal values and global ethical standards. The employs a qualitative, interpretive approach methodology, including document analysis of UNESCO’s AI Competency Frameworks, policy reviews from African universities. The major finding reveals that while AI competencies enhance digital literacy, personalized learning, and professional development, they also risk undermining teacher autonomy, widening digital divides, and raising concerns about data privacy and algorithmic bias. The major recommendation of the paper holds that embedding AI ethics into teacher training curricula, fostering institutional policies that protect professional identity, promoting inclusive access to AI tools, and advancing collaborative research on AI pedagogy in African contexts. This paper contributes to the discourse on AI in education by positioning ethics as the cornerstone of competency adoption, ensuring that African universities achieve a balance between technological innovation, teaching professionalism, and equitable student learning.

Globally, transitions toward Competency-Based Education (CBE) routinely encounter severe execution hurdles especially in resource-constrained enclaves. In Kenya, the implementation of the Integrated Science Curriculum (ISC), a vital gateway for STEM pathways is severely challenged within marginalized settings due to systemic administrative and operational bottlenecks. This study examined how school leadership practices shape the implementation fidelity of the ISC in Junior Schools (JSs) situated within the Cherengany/Sengwer Marginalised Group (CSMG) of Trans-Nzoia and West Pokot Counties. Rooted in a constructivist paradigm and an instrumental case study design, data collection achieved methodological triangulation by using in-depth interviews with 11 Heads of Institutions (HoIs), researcher-administered questionnaires with 11 Integrated Science teachers, 11 focus group discussions with 93 Grade Nine learners, and structured observation protocols across 11 sampled schools (). Data were analyzed using thematic analysis mapped against the Synergistic theoretical framework featuring Gross et al, Rogers and Epstein theories. A severe structural qualification gap exists: 100% of ISC teachers hold university degrees, while 63.6% of HoIs lack a Bachelor’s degree, holding primary-tier credentials. This administrative mismatch undermines the HoIs’ supervisory legitimacy, triggering professional friction. Lacking secondary science competence and overwhelmed by administrative bookkeeping, HoIs systematically abandon technical pedagogical oversight, delegating it to their deputies or regressing to superficial, spatial micromanagement. Furthermore, resource gatekeeping and distribution failures resulted in an obstructive 1:5 textbook-to-learner sharing ratio, while vital apparatus and digital devices remained unavailable, inadequate or locked in offices. The study concludes that the structural governance mismatch between primary-trained administrators and university-educated science teachers has crippled internal quality assurance. To protect ISC fidelity, the Ministry of Education must systematically establish administrative and financial autonomy for JSs, deploy secondary-qualified principals, and directly supply mobile science infrastructure to marginalized enclaves.

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Learner-centered instruction (LCI) has attracted growing scholarly interest for its potential to foster 21st-century competencies, particularly collaboration, among language learners. This study examined the extent to which learner-centered instruction influences learners' collaboration skills in Kiswahili language classes in public junior schools in Nandi North Sub-County, Nandi County, Kenya. Anchored within the Constructivist Theory of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, the study employed an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. A sample of 102 Kiswahili teachers and 291 Grade 7–9 learners was selected using stratified random sampling, purposive sampling, and systematic sampling from 110 public junior schools. Data were collected through a Likert-scale teacher questionnaire (Cronbach's α = 0.76), a classroom observation checklist, and a document analysis guide. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS v29 and Excel; qualitative data were thematically analyzed. Results revealed overwhelming teacher consensus that LCI fosters collaboration, with 100% agreement and high means across all items: group activities improving teamwork (mean = 4.81), collaborative tasks increasing motivation (mean = 4.84), and LCI fostering general collaboration (mean = 4.73). Document analysis showed that 97% of lesson plans incorporated collaborative activities, 96% of schemes of work explicitly targeted collaboration as a learning outcome, and 92% of records of work contained reflections on group dynamics. However, classroom observations indicated gaps between planning and implementation, with group work opportunities and structured teamwork not consistently observed. The study concludes that while LCI significantly enhances collaboration skills in principle and planning, equitable and structured execution remains a challenge. Professional development, structured group facilitation training, and institutional support are recommended to bridge this implementation gap.

As Africa navigates the transformative demands of the Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR), the capacity of higher education systems to produce inclusive, innovation-driven graduates depends critically on the quality and inclusivity of the policy processes that shape them. This paper examines higher education policy development in South Africa, mapping the key actors, processes, and power dynamics that influence the sector's direction and responsiveness to emerging socio-economic challenges. Drawing on the Quadruple Helix Model (QHM) of stakeholder engagement, which encompasses government, academia, industry, and civil society, the study employs a qualitative, exploratory design using semi-structured interviews with 12 representatives across the four quadrants of the framework. Data were analysed using MAXQDA software through thematic coding aligned to the QHM axes. Findings reveal a predominantly government-led, top-down policy environment, with the Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) functioning as the primary initiator and regulator of policy. While formal consultation mechanisms exist, participants consistently described these processes as non-consultative in practice, with political priorities frequently superseding evidence-based approaches. Academia, civil society, and industry are acknowledged as important contributors but remain peripheral to substantive decision-making. The study further identifies tensions between internationalisation agendas shaped largely by Global North influences and the imperative for locally responsive, transformative policy. These findings carry significant implications for South Africa's readiness for the 5IR, which demands inclusive, multi-stakeholder innovation ecosystems. Genuine integration of citizen knowledge, indigenous perspectives, and cross-sector collaboration into higher education policy is essential for sustainable human capital development aligned with both the SDGs and Africa Agenda 2063.

Nigeria's agricultural sector faces mounting pressures from climate change, land degradation, and competition over pasture and water, fueling farmer–herder conflicts with severe consequences for food security and national stability. Open grazing on institutional farmlands, including the University of Ilorin, underscores the need for climate-smart fodder interventions. This study assessed Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) cultivation as a strategy for reducing open grazing pressure and mitigating conflict, while examining extension agents' competency in promoting its adoption. A descriptive quantitative design was adopted, and 200 pastoralists and extension agents were selected via two-stage sampling. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire (Cronbach's α = 0.71) and analyzed with descriptive statistics, Borich's Needs Assessment Model, and OLS regression. Findings revealed that 85.0% of pastoralists had poor knowledge of Napier grass cultivation, though they rated its promotion as highly important. Key competency gaps included peaceful co-existence between pastoralists, farmers around university community (MWDS = 1.243), effective communication (MWDS = 0.863), and technology transfer (MWDS = 0.824). Educational qualification (β = 0.099; p < 0.01) and knowledge (β = 0.210; p < 0.01) significantly influenced competency. The study concludes that Napier grass cultivation is a scalable and conflict-sensitive climate adaptation strategy. It recommends targeted capacity-building, language-focused training, and institutional fodder production models to advance SDGs 1, 2, 13, and 16.

This paper examines Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD), as a water saving strategy and an adaptation measure to impact of climate change in rice growing. This is because of the declining per capita water resources and the buildup of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as methane gas due to paddy system and anaerobic respiration. The AWD which involves periodic draining and re-flooding of rice fields, has emerged as a promising climate change adaptation strategy because it reduces irrigation water use, improves rice yield, enhances water productivity, and lowers methane emissions. However, its effectiveness varies across environments and management practices, highlighting the need for evidence based systematic synthesis. In this paper, meta-analysis aimed at synthesizing information across scales on the effectiveness of AWD as a a water saving and climate change adaptation strategy in rice production field. The information analyzed include rice grain yield, irrigation water use and its productivity, greenhouse gas emissions, and the economic attributes of production. Comparative analysis between AWD and conventional flood irrigation was done based on information gathered between the years 2000 and 2026. The data considered field experiments, multi-location trials, long-term studies, and on-farm evaluations. The estimated effective sizes using log response ratios and pooling of the results using random-effects models, were used to explore how results varied across climate zones, rice ecosystems, AWD implementation methods, and geographic regions. The results of this review revealed that AWD consistently reduced irrigation water use, increased water productivity and lowered methane emissions corresponding to 27–37%, 32–50%, and 29–47% respectively. Additionally, the review revealed that the magnitude of these benefits varied across climatic zones, rice ecosystems, and management practices. These parameters constitute the next level of investigation in order to realize the absolute benefits of AWD as an alternative to flood irrigated rice production.

This Study focuses on flood occurrences in risk zones prone to frequent flooding that are posing significant threats to human settlements, Sustainable development in Lokoja with the following objectives: identifying the spatial distribution of household vulnerability to climate change impacts, analyzing the socio-economic and environmental factors influencing household vulnerability, and examine the challenges and opportunities for promoting environmental sustainable development. The study uses Remote Sensing and GIS technique to assess the flood vulnerability zones of the town by using the bench mark minimum and maximum water level from the year 2016 to 2025. Data were collected using both primary and secondary sources. Land-use/land-cover and flood vulnerability maps were generated from the digitized satellite imageries. Five districts were directly affected by the flood and 400 questionnaires were administered as sample sized to respondents across the strata of all the flood affected communities. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics (percentage distribution) and inferential statistics (Pearson’s moment correlation) in assessing the relationships between minimum water levels, land uses and population affected by flood. This study revealed that a total land area of 2828.79 Ha (13.64%), 3852.53Ha (18.57%) and 14063.26Ha (67.79%) are of high vulnerability, Moderate vulnerability and Low vulnerability respectively. Descriptive statistics showed that 37.8% of households reported reduced water availability, 33.5% experienced frequent flooding, and 28.7% observed declining agricultural productivity. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed disparities in adaptive capacity (F = 6.27, p < 0.01), particularly in access to drainage, potable water, and energy sources. Findings from the analysis show that there is a strong positive correlation between minimum water level and farmland, open space with the greatest correlation coefficient of 0.986, commercial land uses has a slightly stronger correlation (0.899) with minimum water levels. Buildings within 100 meters buffer distance from the river banks and flood plains are highly vulnerable, those within 200 meters buffer distance is moderately vulnerable while those 300 meters above buffer distance are less vulnerable areas. The study therefore conclude that flooding had a significant impact on residential, commercial, and particularly agriculture and open spaces, inflicting widespread property and infrastructure damage. This study is a critical tool for policy makers, urban planners and stakeholders to priotize on flood risk management and coordinated environmental dynamics in Lokoja metropolis.

Climate change has remained one of the major environmental challenges affecting the conservation of natural resources and environmental sustainability in Nigeria. It has been established in the previous studies that many environmental factors like irregular rainfall patterns, flooding and soil degradation have continued to threaten the sustainable management of natural resources and the well-being of communities. This study investigated the influence of climate change on natural resources conservation and environmental sustainability in Kwara State, Nigeria. A descriptive survey research design was adopted. The population comprised environmental officers, agricultural extension workers, forestry personnel, and community members across selected Local Government Areas. A sample of 400 respondents was selected using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire titled Climate Change, Natural Resources Conservation and Environmental Sustainability Questionnaire (CCNRCESQ), which yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.87 using Cronbach's Alpha. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics, including Pearson Product-Moment Correlation and multiple regression, at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that climate change had a significant negative influence on natural resources conservation and environmental sustainability in Kwara State (r = -0.68, p < 0.05)..The study concluded that climate change significantly undermined the conservation of natural resources and environmental sustainability in Kwara State. It was therefore recommended that government agencies, environmental stakeholders, educational institutions, and local communities should strengthen climate adaptation programmes, promote sustainable resource management practices. The public awareness campaigns should be promoted to enhance environmental resilience and sustainable development in the state.

Phosphate rock and shale samples were collected from five mine sites (P1–P5) in the Sokoto Basin, northwestern Nigeria, to characterize their mineralogical composition, quantify naturally occurring radioactive element concentrations, and evaluate associated radiological hazards to mine workers. Ten samples from each lithology were analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for mineral identification, while Uranium (U), Thorium (Th) and Potassium (K) concentrations were determined using ICP-MS. Phosphate deposits occurred as nodules intercalated within shale at depths of 0.25–7 m. Dominant phosphate minerals included fluoroapatite (1.33–79.28%), calcite (42.22–97.89%) and smectite (2.39–13.13%), while shales were characterized by smectite (23.01–64.78%), quartz (1.92–64.08%) and calcite (0–67.75%). P₂O₅ concentrations of 0.29–22.29% indicate low-to-medium grade ore. Uranium and Thorium were preferentially enriched in phosphate and shale respectively, consistent with apatite lattice substitution and clay-mineral affinity. Radiological hazard parameters for all shale samples remained within internationally recommended safety limits, indicating no significant health risk from shale exposure. However, phosphate samples at several sites exceeded safe thresholds: radium equivalent activity and external hazard index were exceeded at P2 and P5; the internal hazard index surpassed 1.0 at P1, P2, P4 and P5; and gamma index and annual effective dose exceeded acceptable levels at P1, P2 and P5. These results indicate that prolonged, unprotected exposure to phosphate material, particularly at sites P1, P2 and P5, poses a measurable long-term radiological health risk to mine workers.

The last decade has witnessed a continuous increase in the use of nanotechnology. Thousands of products varying from food, cosmetics, clothes, military equipment, and personal care products are now available with nanoparticle contents. Due to the numerous applications of nanoparticles in consumer products, the chances of human exposure through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact are significantly increased. There is a growing concern about the possible adverse health effects of nanoparticles on the environment and humans. Nanoparticles may aggregate and interact in the environment in water, solids, or sediments, leading to co-exposure either via the food chain or drinkable water, which could bio-accumulate and magnify in the ‘food chain cycle’, eventually leading to human exposures. Exposure of these nanoparticles to the biological system may elicit novel distribution, immune responses, absorption at physiological barriers, and interaction/impairment of DNA repair processes. In general, smaller particles are thought to interact more strongly with biological systems compared to larger particles. Nanoparticles have been shown to be mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, immunotoxic, hematotoxic, and cytotoxic in different biological systems and in vitro studies. Toxicological data have shown that nanoparticles are toxic to both somatic and germ cells. Also, it has been shown that co-exposure to nanoparticles is more toxic than individual nanoparticles. The ability of nanoparticles to damage the DNA has been suggested to be through systemic alterations. In vivo and in vitro genetic and reproductive toxicity studies of nanoparticles are very limited and the data so far reported is insufficient, hence, more experimental data are needed. Furthermore, despite the fact that humans can be exposed to a variety of nanoparticles at the same time, most studies have been limited to the toxicity of individual nanoparticles. There must be caution in the use of nanoparticles to prevent potential public health crisis.

Traditional and Alternative Medicine (TAM) serves as a primary healthcare resource globally, yet foreign pharmacy graduates' perspectives on its integration remain underexplored. This cross-sectional survey examined 52 foreign pharmacy graduates participating in the Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Orientation Programme (FPGOP), Northern zone at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria in 2021. Using a structured questionnaire, the study assessed their knowledge, usage patterns, attitudes, and willingness to integrate TAM into conventional pharmacy practice.
Results demonstrated substantial engagement with TAM: 96.15% had recent contact with TAM practitioners, 94.23% believed in its healthcare benefits, and 80% had personally used herbal remedies, with 59.62% reporting high satisfaction. Additionally, 65.38% could identify medicinal plants, and 34.61% had experience preparing herbal remedies. Despite this familiarity, only 28.85% considered becoming TAM practitioners, indicating a disconnect between personal use and professional commitment. Notably, 76.92% expressed willingness to undertake formal herbal medicine courses, and 88.46% supported integrating TAM with conventional medicine.
The findings reveal strong interest in TAM among foreign pharmacy graduates, alongside recognition of its therapeutic value. However, barriers persist, including limited formal education, regulatory concerns, and insufficient evidence-based validation. Addressing these gaps through structured training programs, research initiatives, and supportive policy frameworks could enhance pharmacists' competence in TAM and foster collaborative healthcare models with conventional medicine practices.

Maternal mortality stayed a huge public health challenge in rural Kenya, where delayed recognition of pregnancy related complications, played a big role in preventable maternal and neonatal deaths. The World Health Organization noted that Kenya recorded around 379 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2023, and that number was far above the Sustainable Development Goal target which is under 70 deaths per 100,000 live births. In addition, geographic barriers along with shortages of skilled health personnel, and weak referral systems all limited timely access to good quality maternal healthcare, especially for people in underserved rural communities. This work intended to build and test a citizen science driven; Artificial Intelligence (AI)-assisted framework meant for early detection of maternal health risks. It also aimed to see whether this framework could reasonably reinforce Community Health Volunteer (CHV)-led maternal care, and also the referral systems in rural Kenya. A mixed methods design was planned, bringing in CHVs, pregnant women, and healthcare providers from chosen rural counties. Community Health Volunteers were expected to gather maternal health information using a mobile health application. The data were to cover clinical symptoms, antenatal care indicators, plus socio demographic characteristics. In the machine learning part, a Random Forest approach was proposed, to predict pregnancy related complications such as pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, severe anaemia, and postpartum haemorrhage. Model quality was supposed to be judged using sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. At the same time, qualitative interviews were arranged, to look at feasibility, acceptability, and usability, from the perspective of users. The proposed framework was meant to help with earlier identification of high-risk pregnancies, tighten referral routes, boost community engagement, and improve timely access to maternal healthcare services. The study was also expected to generate practical evidence for scaled AI enabled maternal health interventions, in line with Kenya’s Universal Health Coverage direction, Sustainable Development Goal 3, and Africa’s Fifth Industrial Revolution. Ethical clearance was planned to be obtained from the relevant Institutional Ethics Review Committee before the study started.

Maternal body mass index (BMI) in early pregnancy is a modifiable determinant of maternal and fetal health. Sub-Saharan Africa faces a dual nutritional burden of persistent undernutrition alongside rising overweight and obesity. In Kenya, where both extremes coexist, the relationship between early-pregnancy BMI and stillbirth risk remains poorly characterised, limiting evidence-based antenatal care. We examined this relationship using the STRiDE (Stratification of Risk of Diabetes in Early Pregnancy) cohort, Eldoret, Kenya. The objective of the study was to examine the association between early-pregnancy BMI category and stillbirth risk, before and after adjustment for maternal and pregnancy-related factors. This secondary analysis of the STRiDE prospective cohort (a multicentre gestational diabetes study; Eldoret, Kenya, April 2015–May 2019) used multivariable logistic regression to assess stillbirth risk by early-pregnancy BMI category, adjusting for maternal age, parity, gestational age at enrollment, and family history of diabetes, hypertension, or gestational diabetes (clustering by recruitment site was negligible, ICC <0.001). Of 4,101 enrolled women, 2,612 (2,533 live births, 79 stillbirths) had complete data and were included. Stillbirth (fetal death at ≥20 weeks gestation) was the primary outcome; BMI was categorised as underweight (<18.5 kg/m²), normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m², reference), overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m²), or obese (≥30.0 kg/m²). Most participants had a normal BMI (57.7%); 38.3% were overweight/obese, and 4.0% were underweight. Overall, stillbirth prevalence was 3.0%, highest among underweight (5.8%) and overweight women (4.3%) versus normal BMI (2.2%), and 3.4% among obese women. After adjustment, both underweight (aOR 3.29, 95% CI: 1.29–8.36, p=0.01) and overweight (aOR 2.48, 95% CI: 1.37–4.48, p<0.001) were significantly associated with stillbirth; obesity was not (aOR 1.65, 95% CI: 0.68–4.01, p=0.27). Both underweight and overweight, but not obesity, were independently associated with increased stillbirth risk, consistent with a J-shaped relationship between early-pregnancy BMI and stillbirth. Early BMI assessment may help identify women at elevated stillbirth risk in similar LMIC settings.

Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea) is a leguminous plant which is traditionally being used for various health benefits including antisickling, immune booster, wound healing among others. It is rich in phytopeptide knottins which possess structural stability and biological activity that may influence neural functions. This study investigated the neuropharmacological effects of a phytopeptide knottins-rich extract from the seeds of Cajanus cajan in mice. Seventy-two mice of both sexes were randomly assigned to five (5) groups receiving distilled water (control), donepezil (standard), or the isolated phytopeptide knottins extract of C. cajan at 150, 300, or 450 mg/kg. Behavioural parameters, including locomotion, rearing, grooming, fecal boli, and urination; spontaneous alternation; and frequency and duration of time spent in either open or closed arms were assessed in mice using the Open Field test, Y-maze, and Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) respectively. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test, with p < 0.05. The group administered 150 mg/kg extract exhibited significant locomotor activity, moderately high open-arm entries (37.10%), highest open-arm duration (31.06%) and a lower avoidance index comparable to the control and donepezil groups. The extract-treated groups showed anxiolytic-related behaviors such as reduced grooming and fecal boli production compared to the control. The 300 and 450 mg/kg showed relatively high frequencies of open-arm entries (37.78%) and (35.92%) respectively and duration of proportions (26.34%) and (28.64%) respectively suggesting a possible anxiolytic-like effect. Fecal boli were generally low across groups and did not markedly increase defecation, suggesting no strong anxiogenic effect while urination differences were significant in males but not females. These findings suggest potential central nervous system stimulatory and modulatory properties of the extract and support further mechanistic and neurochemical investigations. Phytopeptide knottins-rich extract from Cajanus cajan seeds demonstrated a restorative effect on locomotor and exploratory behavior while attenuating anxiety-related responses in mice.

Traditional healers play an important role in primary healthcare and the preservation of indigenous knowledge in South Africa. However, the cultivation of medicinal plants remains controversial among some healers due to cultural taboos, ceremonial practices, and beliefs about the reduced potency of cultivated plants. Despite concerns over the decline of medicinal plant populations in the wild, limited research has examined traditional healers’ acceptance of cultivated medicinal plants and their views on conservation. This study investigated the willingness of traditional healers in the Western Cape, South Africa, to use cultivated medicinal plants, their perceptions of conservation, and the species they consider priorities for conservation. A total of 75 traditional healers participated in semi-structured questionnaire surveys, and two stakeholder workshops involving healers and researchers were conducted to encourage knowledge exchange and collaboration.

The findings showed that medicinal plant harvesting remains an important livelihood activity, with 52% of respondents relying on it as their main source of income and 92% indicating that medicinal plant sales contribute to household earnings. Sixty-four medicinal plant species were identified as commonly used, with Artemisia afra being the most frequently utilized species, followed by Rhoicissus digitata and Silene undulata. Most respondents (96%) expressed a willingness to cultivate medicinal plants, while 66.7% acknowledged a decline in the availability of certain species in the wild. Furthermore, 98.7% reported using and selling A. afra, identifying 44 medicinal and cultural uses for the species. The study demonstrates a growing acceptance of medicinal plant cultivation among traditional healers and highlights the potential for integrating indigenous knowledge and conservation initiatives to promote the sustainable use and preservation of medicinal plant resources.

Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen (N-acetyl-para-aminophenol, APAP) is the world’s most used over the-counter analgesic-antipyretic drug. The increasing misuse of acetaminophen as a meat tenderizing agent in the food industry is a public health concern. This study examined the reproductive effects of acetaminophen tenderized meat fed to male swiss albino mice (Mus musculus). Utilizing a free feeding design, 50 albino mice were divided into five groups: one control group receiving standard feed, another control group fed with 60g of meat only diet, and three experimental groups consuming acetaminophen tenderized meat mixed with standard rat feed in the ratio of (40 g:20 g) for 15, 25, and 35 days respectively. The analysis encompassed reproductive hormone profiles (testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in males; estradiol, progesterone, LH, FSH in females), sperm quality parameters, gonadal histology, and organ weights using established analytical techniques. Data obtained were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results revealed reproductive disruption with a significant elevation in the testosterone (7.01 ng/mL) level on day 35, and a corresponding reduction in the level of the follicle stimulating hormone (1.96 – 1.99) in the test animals throughout the duration of the study. Sperm quality deteriorated progressively throughout the exposure period, with motility declining from 92% to 79% and morphological abnormalities escalating to 47.78% in the longest exposure group. These sperm abnormalities comprised of folded tails, fused heads, and double head structures. Histological examination of the testes confirmed tissue damage such as mild necrosis of the germ cells, interstitial edema, inflammation, and slight arrest of spermatogenesis. These findings revealed that acetaminophen tenderized meat consumption induced significant reproductive toxicity in male Swiss mice, manifesting through hormonal disruption, and gonadal pathology, thereby suggesting the need for regulatory intervention and public health awareness initiatives to curtail this harmful culinary practice.

Comorbid conditions significantly impact cancer prognosis, treatment selection, and overall patient survival. While advances in cancer care have improved survival outcomes for patients without underlying conditions, managing cancer alongside non-communicable and infectious diseases remains a major clinical challenge. This study analyzes the prevalence of comorbid conditions, cancer types, and diagnostic staging among cancer patients in Kenya to inform improved disease management strategies. A retrospective study was conducted using clinical registry data from specialized cancer facilities in central Kenya. Ethical approval was granted by the Chuka University Institutional Ethics Review Committee. Data from a sample of 176 cancer patients with underlying health conditions were analyzed. Variables including age, gender, cancer stage, subtype, and co-existing conditions were recorded and evaluated using descriptive statistical methods, including frequency counts and percentages. Among the 176 patients analyzed, 55.9% were male and 44.9% were female, with an overall mean age of 65.85 years. Late-stage diagnosis was highly prevalent, with Stage IV accounting for 50% of cases, followed by Stage II and III at 23.3%, and Stage I at 3.41%. Thirty distinct cancer types were observed, dominated by prostate cancer (28%), breast cancer (25%), stomach cancer (15%), and esophageal cancer (12%). Hypertension was the most common comorbid condition, affecting 53.4% of all patients, followed by diabetes (11.9%), retroviral disease (10.2%), and chronic kidney disease (5.11%). Hypertension co-occurred most frequently with prostate (n = 30), breast (n = 20), and stomach (n = 13) cancers. Regarding treatment modalities, 37.5% received chemotherapy, 32% received hormonal therapy, and 24.4% underwent surgery. Overall patient survival at the time of evaluation was 93.75%. A substantial majority of cancer patients in central Kenya are diagnosed at advanced stages (Stages III–IV) and carry a heavy burden of comorbid conditions, primarily hypertension and diabetes. The low rate of early-stage diagnosis limits surgical interventions and emphasizes the need for early screening initiatives. Integrating multidisciplinary care strategies that address underlying non-communicable and infectious comorbidities is essential to optimize treatment management and clinical outcomes in cancer patients.

This is the first report on the antimicrobial evaluation of tetrafluorinated azobenzene-imidazolium salts with various spacer length. All salts qualified as ionic liquids crystals (ILCs) which melted below 100 ⁰C. The functionalized azobenzene moiety was connected to the imidazolium head via a methylene spacer of varying length (n = 3-12). The ILCs were characterized using FTIR, NMR spectroscopy, and elemental microanalysis. Their antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Samonella typhi, Candida albicans and Saccaromyces was evaluated using the disc diffusion method. Antimicrobial properties of these ILCs was dependent on the spacer length. The ILCs were selectively active against the tested microorganisms with zone of inhibition diameters ranging from 7mm-15mm. Their biological efficacy was dependent on the spacer length. The presence of the connecting long alkyl chains is essential for the ILCs to exhibit microbial efficacy. Active ILCs on Staphylococcus aureus contained 3 to 12 carbons in the spacer length while the compounds with the shorter chain length exhibited no activity against Escherichia coli. Difference in antimicrobial behavior of the ILCs could be due to the different cell wall between the Gram positive and negative bacteria. The synthesized compounds may serve as a new strategy for the design and development of effective therapeutics.

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are viruses present in the blood and can be transmitted from mothers to their children, posing significant health challenges among pregnant women in Africa. This research determined the prevalence of Hepatitis and co-infection with HIV and the presence of tumor markers among pregnant women attending selected Health facilities in Ekiti State. Aseptic collection of 5 ml venous blood samples was performed on each pregnant woman through vein puncture and analyzed using standard procedures. Alpha Feto Protein (AFP) and Alanine Transaminase (ALT) were tumor markers used to examine the blood samples that reacted to HBsAg. Statistical analyses were used to determine the association between the disease prevalence and other demographic parameters. An overall prevalence of HBV, HIV and HCV was found to be 4.58% (21), 2.40% (11), and 0% (0) respectively among the 438 pregnant women sampled. HBV is significantly associated with the marital status of the women while HIV is significantly associated with marital status and gestational age of the women. Age, education, and occupation of the pregnant women showed no significant association with either HBsAg or HIV (P>0.05). The highest prevalence was recorded among the age group 26-32 years; married women with secondary education that resides in the urban area and those in their third trimester. There were no observed cases of co-infection between Hepatitis and HIV. There was no statistically significant difference in mean AFP or ALT levels across age groups among both HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative individuals. Similarly, gestational age did not significantly influence AFP or ALT levels. Normal AFP levels were observed in 18 (85.71%) patients, while elevated AFP levels were present in only 3 (14.29%). This distribution was statistically significant (χ² = 10.714, p = 0.001). In contrast, abnormal ALT levels were found in 16 (76.19%) patients compared to 5 (23.81%) with normal ALT with a significant difference (p = 0.016). Findings indicate that ALT is a more reliable marker of liver involvement than AFP in this study. The high prevalence of infection recorded indicates the necessity for improved and continuous awareness on the risk factors, tests and early treatment to prevent vertical transmission to the unborn babies.

Under-five mortality in the Lake Victoria basin counties of Siaya, Kisumu, Homa Bay, Migori, Busia and Kakamega remains among the highest in Kenya, driven by malaria, pneumonia, sepsis, and severe malnutrition, yet community health surveillance in this region remains largely reactive, paper-based, and linguistically inaccessible to the Swahili-speaking community health workers who deliver frontline care. Two decades of demographic surveillance data already exist for this region, but no analytical system converts this longitudinal evidence into household-level, real-time, causally grounded, and explainable guidance that a community health worker can act upon before a child deteriorates. This paper presents MtotoSalama, a quantum-enhanced causal artificial intelligence framework integrating Bayesian hierarchical survival modelling, triangulated causal inference, Swahili-English natural language processing, and quantum-classical resource optimisation within a single reproducible, DHIS2-interoperable architecture. A four-level hierarchical Weibull survival model, an XGBoost classifier, a Random Survival Forest, difference-in-differences, regression discontinuity, and inverse probability weighting designs, a retrieval-augmented Swahili clinical assistant, and a Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm for community health worker allocation were implemented and validated end-to-end on a simulated cohort structurally calibrated to historical surveillance patterns, pending finalisation of live data access. The classifier achieved an AUROC of 0.81, the survival ensemble a concordance index of 0.77, and the Bayesian model converged with all Gelman-Rubin statistics below 1.01; a fairness audit flagged reduced precision among HIV-exposed infants and infants under one year, and the quantum allocator reached solutions within 3.2 percent of the classical optimum at small scale. The framework demonstrates technical feasibility for translating accumulated surveillance data into actionable, equity-audited intervention guidance. Deployment should proceed only after live-data replication and targeted recalibration of the flagged subgroups.

Unsafe domestic water remains a major public health challenge in rapidly urbanizing areas, increasing the risk of microbial contamination and waterborne diseases. In Nakuru West Sub-County, Kenya, intermittent piped water supply, dependence on alternative water sources, inadequate sanitation, and rapid population growth heighten household exposure to unsafe drinking water. However, limited integrated evidence exists linking domestic water quality, community-level risk factors, and disease occurrence. This study aims to assess the microbiological quality of domestic water sources, determine the prevalence and trends of cholera, typhoid fever, and acute watery diarrhea reported between 2020 and 2024, identify community-level risk factors associated with disease occurrence, and evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of Psidium guajava leaf extracts in reducing microbial contamination. An analytical cross-sectional mixed-methods design will be employed involving 384 households proportionately selected across the six wards of Nakuru West Sub-County. Water samples will be analyzed for Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. using APHA standard methods, while household surveys, observations, key informant interviews, and retrospective health records will provide data on water, sanitation, hygiene practices, and disease occurrence. The antimicrobial efficacy of Psidium guajava leaf extracts will be evaluated experimentally using Soxhlet extraction and varying treatment concentrations. Data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Guided by the Health Belief Model and the One Health approach, the study is expected to identify contamination pathways, key behavioral and environmental risk factors, and the potential of indigenous water treatment methods. The findings will support evidence-based public health interventions, water safety planning, and policies aimed at reducing waterborne diseases in urbanizing communities.

The environmental impact associated with the production of Portland cement has intensified interest in sustainable alternatives such as lime-based binders. However, their application is constrained by low early strength and slow hardening. This study evaluates rice husk ash (RHA) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as pozzolanic additives to enhance the mechanical performance and durability of lime mortars. Hydrated lime was partially replaced (50%) with RHA or SCBA, and the mortars were air-cured for 28 days. Both ashes satisfied standard pozzolanicity requirements. RHA exhibited a higher amorphous silica content and greater reactivity, whereas SCBA demonstrated slower but sustained pozzolanic activity. The incorporation of these pozzolans significantly improved performance. Compressive strength increased from 0.43 MPa for pure lime to 4.64 MPa and 3.84 MPa for RHA and SCBA mortars, respectively. Flexural strength improved from 0.17 MPa to 2.70 MPa and 0.97 MPa for RHA and SCBA mortars, respectively. Water absorption was substantially reduced in the modified mortars, indicating improved pore structure and durability. RHA provided superior strength development and lower permeability, while SCBA offered moderate strength enhancement with improved flexibility. These characteristics make both materials suitable for non-structural applications, including heritage conservation and restoration. The findings demonstrate that agricultural waste ashes can serve as effective, low-carbon pozzolanic materials for durable lime-based construction.

The global use of wood fuel for cooking and heating has devastating negative health effects, with 2 million deaths annually from pneumonia, cancer, and chronic lung diseases due to exposure to pollution from biomass combustion, including polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Acrylamide is a chemical compound that naturally forms in starchy, plant-based foods during high-temperature cooking processes. Acrylamide is classified as a group 2A carcinogen, as well as causing other health effects such as neurotoxicity and hepatoxicity. In this review, n-hexane and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of woods and charcoals from Nasarawa State in Nigeria, fractionated in an alumina column and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), showed a total of 16 PAHs in the samples. While benzo(a)pyrene was the highest in amounts (0.326 mg/kg) and (0.300 mg/kg) for both DCM extracts for P. erinaceus (Shanjini) and A. leocarpa (Marke) woods, benzo(g,h,i)perylene was the least in amount (0.000 mg/kg) for n-hexane extracts. This review reports acrylamide formation in baked and fried foods; the main pathway is the Maillard reaction, and other factors that promote its formation include high carbohydrate content, longer cooking times, and higher cooking temperatures. Although PAH levels in all samples were well below recommended toxic levels, close monitoring of fuel sources is warranted, especially given the increasing pressure on global fuel supplies. The review recommends ways to mitigate these toxic food contaminants.

In the pursuit of promoting good health, sustainable environment and efficient agriculture, genetics and genomics have emerged as indispensable tools. The University of Eldoret Genetics and Genomics Research and Training Laboratory (FGGRTL) is dedicated to leveraging molecular biology and cutting-edge technologies for the enhancement of agricultural and health practices. This abstract presents the laboratory's mission, objectives, core services, and potential for fostering collaboration and innovation in genomics. The primary mission is to expedite the translation of scientific discoveries into tangible services to advance research value-added products. Our objectives encompass leveraging cutting-edge sequencing techniques to unravel the genetic blueprints of various species, thereby enhancing our understanding of their biology and potential for improvement, as well as employing state-of-the-art technologies for high-throughput genotyping to inform breeding programs, and maximize genetic diversity and gene expression. The FGGRTL offers comprehensive core services, including DNA and RNA extraction, DNA quantification, PCR amplification, and genotyping. Our core instrumentation features advanced equipment such as the QuantStudio 5 RT-PCR system, Nanodrop spectrophotometers, and ultralow temperature freezers among others to ensure the highest standards of precision and reproducibility in genomic analyses. Some of the research already actualized in the FGGRTL includes DNA barcoding of fish species, Barcording of Scarabs from Namibia, fish microbial genomics, among others. By fostering partnerships, we aim to enhance research. Collaborative endeavors can amplify the impact of our research, accelerating progress toward sustainable productivity in agriculture, microbiology, environment, and biotechnology. Our commitment to further equip the lab with cutting-edge instrumentation and a skilled team of scientists, positions us as a catalyst for transformative change in the genomics and molecular research. We invite researchers, institutions, and industries to explore collaborative opportunities with the University of Eldoret - FGGRTL. By pooling our resources and expertise, we can unlock the full potential of genomics in health, agriculture, and environmental conservation to ultimately benefit society.

This study conducts a comprehensive numerical analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in a two-dimensional channel featuring various obstacle configurations. The obstacles are intentionally positioned within the channel to assess their influence on fluid dynamics and thermal efficiency. By employing the finite element method, the study solves the Navier-Stokes and energy equations to investigate how different obstacle arrangements affect temperature distribution and streamlines. The findings indicate that the arrangement of obstacles impacts both fluid flow behavior and thermal performance, with certain configurations improving heat transfer, while others result in greater pressure drop and flow separation. The findings offer essential insights into optimizing obstacle configurations to enhance thermal efficiency while reducing negative impacts on fluid flow. This could be beneficial for the design of heat exchangers, cooling systems, and various industrial processes where effective heat dissipation is vital.

African universities have progressed rapidly in terms of establishment, student enrolment, research activity, and institutional presence. However, this growth has not translated into proportional innovation outcomes. This reveals a dogged innovation gap between knowledge generation, practical application and economic impact. This paper examines the nature and drivers of this gap, focusing on the ability of African universities to convert research outputs into commercially viable products, technological solutions, and social innovations. Using a qualitative review of higher education policies, research funding structures, innovation ecosystems, and university–industry–government relations, the study identifies key constraints undermining optimal innovation performance. These include chronic underfunding of research and development, weak technology transfer offices, limited incentives for applied and interdisciplinary research, and fragile linkages between universities and productive sectors. The paper also highlights the influence of externally driven research agendas and governance frameworks that prioritize publication over problem-solving and entrepreneurship. Drawing on illustrative institutional examples, the study identifies emerging initiatives—such as innovation hubs, startup incubators, entrepreneurship education, and revised intellectual property policies—that signal promising pathways for reform. The paper argues that bridging the innovation gap requires systemic transformation, positioning universities as active contributors to national and regional innovation systems. This entails coordinated policy alignment, sustainable funding mechanisms, capacity building, and stronger collaboration among academia, industry, government, and society. The findings contribute to broader discussions on higher education reform, innovation-led development, and the role of universities in Africa’s socio-economic transformation, as well as its global competitiveness.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by persistent hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress, and systemic complications. Current treatments, including metformin, are often costly, inaccessible, and associated with adverse side effects, necessitating affordable plant-based alternatives. Vernonia auriculifera is traditionally used for diabetes management across sub-Saharan Africa, yet lacks scientific validation. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant activity, and in vivo antidiabetic potential of V. auriculifera bark extract in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Twenty-five Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 5): normal control, diabetic control, and diabetic groups receiving 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg methanolic bark extract, or 100 mg/kg metformin orally, once daily for 21 days. Phytochemical screening revealed that the aqueous bark extract contained the highest concentrations of flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. In vitro, the methanolic extract demonstrated significant hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability and ferric reducing power, comparable to ascorbic acid (p < 0.05). The 400 mg/kg extract produced a significant dose-dependent reduction in fasting blood glucose from 280 mg/dL to 97 mg/dL, comparable to metformin (282 to 111 mg/dL). Lipid profile improved, with reductions in triglycerides (1.07 ± 0.12 mmol/L) and LDL-cholesterol (0.24 ± 0.03 mmol/L) and an increase in HDL-cholesterol (0.75 ± 0.07 mmol/L). Malondialdehyde levels were markedly reduced at 400 mg/kg (1.53 μM) compared to the diabetic control (2.95 μM), indicating attenuation of oxidative stress. Hepatoprotective effects were more pronounced at 200 mg/kg, with significant reductions in ALT (107.47 ± 5.58 U/L) and ALP (192.03 ± 14.85 U/L), though values remained above normal, indicating partial hepatic recovery. These findings demonstrate that V. auriculifera bark extract possesses antidiabetic, antioxidant, and organ-protective properties, supporting its potential as an affordable phytomedicine for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.), a monocotyledonous member of the Cyperaceae family, is valued for its oil-rich, starchy, protein-containing tubers. While the species is commercially produced in many countries, it exists mainly as a weed in farmlands and uncultivated areas in Kenya and much of East Africa. Given ongoing efforts to combat malnutrition through nutritious locally sourced foods, understanding the genetic makeup of this plant is valuable for potential crop improvement and new adoptions. Since yellow nutsedge propagates through tubers formed at the apical ends of rhizomes, and Cyperaceae species are known to exhibit substantial chromosome number variation, this study aimed to determine the chromosome number of both wild and cultivated C. esculentus accessions to clarify its genetic constitution and reproductive behavior. Mitotic chromosome number was determined for twenty-seven accessions comprising four cultivated types grown in Spain and Egypt and twenty-three wild accessions collected from parts of East Africa. Root tips were collected and processed for squash preparations using standard cytogenetics techniques for chromosome counting under a light microscope. Results revealed statistically significant differences (p = 0.001) in chromosome numbers among accessions. Cultivated varieties generally showed higher chromosome counts, with EGYPT recording the highest (2n = 127), while wild accessions such as BUB, BUWA, and ILU (2n = 104) had the lowest counts. Cluster analysis grouped the accessions into five distinct clusters based on chromosomal characteristics. These findings offer new cytogenetic evidence contributing to the broader understanding of chromosome evolution within the Cyperaceae family. This research lays a foundational framework for future botanical studies and applied breeding or management programs aimed at improving and utilizing this underexploited but nutritionally promising plant species using East African accessions.

The generation of photonic microwave (PMW) signals with high frequency, low noise level and high power is essential for application in areas that require signals with high power for longer transmission, high signal to noise ratio (SNR), immunity to interference by electromagnetic waves and with precise control on the power, frequency and bandwidth of the signals. A number of electronic approaches for generating photonic microwave signals face a number of challenges which includes high noise level arising from the optoelectronic devices, interference by electromagnetic waves, low frequency and power with limited bandwidth of the output signals. This paper presents experimental results on photonic microwave signal generation using two techniques. The first which applied the concept of frequency mixing and direct modulation of the heterodyned coherent signals. The experiment generated photonic microwave signals with the modulating frequencies ranging from 200 MHz to 1200 MHz. Single microwave signals ranging from 480 MHz to 780 MHz were successfully generated. The photonic microwave signals generated using this technique exhibit signal to noise ratio ranging from 26.03 dB to 36.35 dB. The second technique aims at frequency shift by tuning polarization to generate new frequencies which generated photonic microwave signals at 0.25 GHz and 0.75 GHz representing the up and down conversion with the shift from 0.25 GHz to 0.75 GHz coming as a result of change in polarization by 450. The results of this work demonstrates great potential of generating single microwave signals with low noise level using frequency mixing and frequency up and down conversion with high quality output signals which are suitable for application in microwave communication systems and the related fields of technology.

Climate change is increasingly threatening urban systems, infrastructure, and information institutions, especially in developing areas where environmental vulnerabilities are more pronounced. Academic libraries, which serve as guardians of knowledge and research resources, are facing rising risks from climate-related issues like flooding, extreme heat, humidity, and poor environmental management. This study looks into how climate resilience strategies can help protect library resources in academic institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria, while placing libraries within the larger context of urban climate resilience. It investigates how environmental conditions, infrastructure planning, and institutional readiness impact the safety and sustainability of library collections, both print and digital. By employing a mixed-method approach that includes surveys, observational assessments, and interviews with library staff and administrators, the research assesses current practices in environmental safety, disaster preparedness, and climate adaptation in selected academic libraries. The findings reveal that many libraries in the region are grappling with significant environmental challenges, such as inadequate climate control systems, poorly designed buildings for climate resilience, inconsistent power supply affecting preservation technologies, and a lack of institutional policies to tackle climate-related risks. However, there are promising developments like digitization efforts, better storage management, and a growing awareness of sustainable practices that are slowly enhancing resilience. The study underscores the importance of strategically integrating climate adaptation policies into academic infrastructure planning and library management systems. By strengthening environmental monitoring, disaster risk management, and sustainable energy solutions, we can significantly bolster the long-term protection of library resources. Ultimately, creating climate-resilient academic libraries not only safeguards these resources but also contributes to the broader goal of sustainable urban development.

Africa’s Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR) prioritizes inclusive innovation, citizen engagement, and human-centered development. However, for people living with HIV (PLHIV), persistent stigma continues to limit equitable participation in health systems despite existing legal and policy frameworks. This study examines the gap between anti-stigma policy and lived experience, highlighting implications for inclusive transformation. A mixed-methods cross-sectional study was conducted in Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Quantitative data were collected from 295 PLHIV using structured questionnaires assessing policy awareness, exposure to stigma-reduction interventions, and perceived outcomes. Qualitative data from 30 in-depth interviews and four focus group discussions (n=62) explored lived experiences and systemic barriers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Findings revealed low awareness of the HIV/AIDS Anti-Discrimination Act (21.7%) and limited access to legal or advocacy support (4.4%). Participation in community sensitization initiatives was minimal (12.5%), while 72.1% of respondents reported no improvement in stigma over the past five years. Qualitative evidence highlighted weak policy enforcement, tokenistic community engagement, inadequate healthcare worker training, and a critical absence of psychosocial support services. The study demonstrates that anti-stigma policies remain largely symbolic without effective implementation mechanisms. Advancing inclusive innovation in Africa’s 5IR requires translating policy into action through community-driven interventions, strengthened health system capacity, and integrated psychosocial and legal support frameworks. Embedding citizen-centered approaches is essential to achieving equitable and sustainable HIV care.

This study examined the role of Community Outreach for Development and Welfare Advocacy (CODWA) in promoting good governance in Ilorin, Kwara State. The research focused on key governance indicators such as transparency, accountability and citizen participation and also assessed the extent to which CODWA contributes to community development and welfare improvement. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. Data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to respondents within Ilorin Metropolis. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentages, mean, and weighted mean scores. Findings from the study revealed that CODWA plays a significant role in promoting civic awareness, encouraging citizen participation in governance and supporting community welfare initiatives. However, the organization faces challenges such as inadequate funding, limited manpower and operational constraints, which affect its effectiveness. The study concluded that although CODWA contributes positively to good governance in Ilorin, there was still need for institutional strengthening and increased support to enhance its impact. The study therefore recommended improved funding from relevant government agencies such as the Federal Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Poverty Reduction, the Ministry of Women Affairs, the National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP), the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund) stronger collaboration with government agencies, and capacity building for staff and volunteers

This paper examines the role of media communication and language in political mobilization within the context of democratic governance. The study emphasizes that language is central to political communication, serving persuasive, informative, ideological, and symbolic functions that influence how citizens perceive political actors and issues. Drawing on theoretical perspectives such as agenda-setting, framing, and priming, the paper argues that media do not merely transmit information but actively construct political realities by determining the salience of issues in public discourse. The study concludes that responsible journalism, ethical political communication, and improved media literacy are essential for ensuring that media communication effectively supports political mobilization and strengthens democratic governance.

The once revered and autonomous traditional institution in Nigeria in the precolonial era, with a sophisticated structure of governance and sustained statehood, has witnessed a systematic erosion of its power since the colonial era to the present. The examination of historical and contemporary assaults on Nigeria’s traditional rulership forms the central theme of this paper, while appraising, and tracing the trajectory from the century-old colonial Deposed Chiefs Removal Ordinance of 1917 and successive post-colonial political anti traditional rulers frameworks. The paper employs comparative case study approach, drawing secondary data from historical cases across the Northern and Southern Nigeria including the dethronement of Sultan Dasuki, Emir Jokolo of Gwandu, and King Jaja of Opobo, Oba Ovonramwen of Benin, and the recent drama in Kano involving Sanusi Lamido and Aminu Ado Bayero. The research is anchored on the New Elite Paradigm, which tourch-lights the “disunified,” “competitive,” and often violent relationships between political and traditional elites. The findings reveals that the governing elites have reduced traditional institution- a once-glorious edifice to a pawn on their political chessboard, hence, weaponising deposition and banishment for compelling loyalty and enforcing obedience. Traditional rulers, despite enduring popular reverence and acceptance, especially in rural areas, operate under constitutional frameworks that subjugates them to the governors, who wield authority of appointment and deposition. In conclusion, the paper holds that the expected contribution by traditional rulers to governance, conflict resolution, and cultural preservation has been weakened. Constitutional reforms that guarantee the security of the throne, restoration of autonomy over customary and succession matters and allocation of roles in governance are recommended as pathways toward rehabilitating the crumbling edifice.

The rise of the Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR) has generated scholarly curiosity in the relationship between technology, development, and social inclusion. Kenya's modern milestones in digital technologies have revolutionized communication, education, governance, and economic participation. In spite of this, the historical processes that shaped technological access and exclusion remain inadequately explored. This study examines the historical evolution of technological transformation in Kenya since 1895, when formal colonial administration was entrenched. Specifically, the study examines technological transformation during the colonial period, analyses technological developments in the post-independence modernization era, and evaluates the opportunities and challenges associated with digital transformation in the contemporary digital age. The study is guided by Postcolonial Theory and Digital Divide Theory and adopts a historical research design. Data will be drawn from archival sources, colonial records, government reports, policy documents, and relevant secondary literature. Particular attention is given to the intersection between technological change, education, governance, indigenous knowledge systems, and socioeconomic development. By historicizing technological transformation in Kenya since 1895, the paper contributes to ongoing debates on decolonization, inclusive innovation, and sustainable development in Africa. The study is expected to provide historical insights into the opportunities and challenges associated with building inclusive technological futures and to highlight the relevance of indigenous knowledge systems in shaping Africa's participation in the Fifth Industrial Revolution.

This paper explores the integration of traditional knowledge systems with Arabic and Islamic teachings in Northern and South Western Nigeria, highlighting the dynamic interplay between indigenous practices and Islamic principles. It examines how local cultural beliefs, practices, and social structures have adapted to incorporate Islamic teachings, leading to a unique synthesis that enriches both systems of knowledge. The study draws on various case studies across different states and regions in Northern and South Western Nigeria, illustrating how traditional healing practices, agricultural methods, and community governance have been influenced by Arabic and Islamic values. The study will employ a qualitative research methodology, utilizing case studies and ethnographic approaches to explore the integration of traditional knowledge systems with Arabic and Islamic teachings in Northern and South Western Nigeria. Data will be collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observation within diverse communities. This will involve engaging with local practitioners, religious leaders, and community members to gather insights into their cultural beliefs, practices, and the adaptations made in response to Islamic principles. Furthermore, it discusses the role of oral traditions in transmitting this integrated knowledge, emphasizing the importance of storytelling and community engagement in preserving and promoting cultural identities. Therefore, analyzing the mutual reinforcement of traditional and Islamic knowledge, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of how diverse epistemologies coexist and evolve in African contexts, offering insights into the broader implications for cultural resilience and social cohesion.

Against the backdrop of Nigeria's emerging pre-2027 electoral discourse, this study examines how digital citizenship and political participation are constructed through a critical multimodal analysis of five political cartoons by Mustapha Bulama published on Facebook between April and August 2026. The study adopts a qualitative research design and integrates Kress and van Leeuwen's (2006) Visual Grammar with van Dijk's (2008, 2009) Sociocognitive Approach to Critical Discourse Analysis. The analysis focuses on the visual and verbal resources employed in the cartoons, the ideological strategies underlying representations of citizens and political actors, and the negotiation of power relations. The findings reveal that Bulama employs visual metaphors, symbolism, caricature, spatial arrangement, labels, and verbal directives to construct digital citizenship as informed, critical, vigilant, and participatory. The cartoons foreground information verification, resistance to misinformation, candidate scrutiny, transparency, accountability, and informed electoral choice. They also challenge political manipulation, inducement, identity-based mobilisation, and the instrumental use of state power, while positioning citizens as active agents in democratic processes. The study concludes that digitally circulated political cartoons constitute significant forms of political discourse through which digital citizenship, political agency, and democratic accountability are constructed and contested. The study contributes to scholarship on digital citizenship, political communication, and critical multimodal discourse analysis in contemporary Africa, while highlighting the potential of citizen-oriented digital communication to foster informed and inclusive democratic engagement.

Financial sustainability is critical to the growth and competitiveness of real estate firms, yet many firms continue to experience financial challenges due to unstable rental income, fluctuating property values, and ineffective investment decisions. This study examined the effect of the buy-and-hold investment strategy on the financial sustainability of real estate firms in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Guided by Markowitz's Portfolio Theory, the study adopted a positivist philosophy and a descriptive cross-sectional research design. The target population comprised 542 employees from 31 registered real estate firms, from which 230 respondents were selected using Slovin's formula and proportionate stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 29 through descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and simple linear regression. The findings revealed a strong positive and statistically significant relationship between the buy-and-hold investment strategy and financial sustainability (r = 0.691, p < 0.001). Regression results showed that the strategy significantly influenced financial sustainability (R² = 0.477; β = 0.691, p < 0.001). The study concluded that adopting buy-and-hold investment strategies enhances the financial sustainability of real estate firms and recommended strengthening long-term property investment practices.

The relationship between globalization and SMEs' performance focused on how SMEs affect the world's perception of itself as a global village. North-central Nigerian SMEs have not yet benefited from globalization. The study examines how globalization affected the performance of SMEs in Kwara State, Nigeria. The Survey research approach with adoption of questionnaire was used in the process of investigation. It also used focus groups for interviews for the qualitative data and a standardized questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale to collect quantitati ve data. Additionally, 360 of the 5268 SMEs in the chosen study locations were included in the sample. With the help of Nvivo and SPSS version 22, it employs both descriptive and inferential statistics to examine its data utilizing multiple regression analysis. The study found that there was a significant impact of technological innovation on profitability in hypothesis one (1), with an f-value of 13.51 for the mean square regression to the mean square residual, an R-value of.377, and a significance level of.000. The researchers were compelled to conclude that economic integration significantly affects SMEs' market share because hypothesis two (2) also showed an R-value of.556 and a significance level of.000. With an R-value of.520, a significant level of.000, a mean square of 0.193, and a variability in the dependent variable of 86.330, hypothesis three (3) demonstrates that tele-migration affects SMEs. The final and fourth hypotheses were likewise below the 5% error threshold. With an R-value of.497 and a significance level of.000, the product quality was significantly explained by all variables. After evaluating every factor taken into account, the study came to the conclusion that globalization has a substantially favorable impact on the performance of SMEs in the chosen states of North-Central Nigeria. Therefore, the study suggests that SMEs' management should be aggressive in conducting business outside of their physical location through outsourcing, tele-migration, and other market destinations. Additionally, SMEs' operations necessitated focusing on their core competencies. To improve the quality of their products or services, SMEs must confer with other supporting services.

Since the United Nations recommendation in 1993 to introduce domestic production into systems of national accounts, the market value of the unpaid care economy has been estimated for a wide range of countries around the world. These studies recognize the economic contribution of unpaid household work, this paper examines the gender patterns of time allocation over SNA productive activity, Non- SNA productive activity, Learning and other non- productive activity The 2024 Time Use survey in Nigeria’s four geopolitical zones included 3,600 adults aged 15–65 and above, time diary based on every one-hour interval over 24 hours of a single day. The estimates show that, holding constant individual characteristics and regional effects, , on average, women dedicate five times more time to these unpaid responsibilities than men. The gender disparity is pronounced across both urban and rural areas. Rural women spend the highest proportion of time (24%) on unpaid care work, followed by urban women (20%). In contrast, urban men spend the least amount of time (4.3%), closely followed by rural men (3.7%). These differences highlight deeply rooted gender roles and unequal distribution of unpaid work within households. The monetary value of unpaid care work is estimated using the input approach, aggregated across all 3600 respondents, the total weekly value amounts to ₦50.4 million, which yields an annual estimate of ₦2.62 billion, when sample size is scaled to Nigeria’s estimated 50 million working age men and women. This represents about 14 percent of Nigeria’s 2024 nominal GDP. Such an estimate aligns with global evidence suggesting that unpaid care and domestic work contributes between 10 and 40 percent of GDP. Overall, the data shows significant gender inequalities in the division of labour, with men spending more time in employment and women bearing a disproportionate share of unpaid domestic and caregiving responsibilities. The study recommends that recognizing and valuing unpaid care work is essential for achieving gender equality, inclusive growth, and sustainable development in Nigeria.

Extant literature suggests that while organisations are relatively adept at strategy formulation, strategy implementation remains a persistent challenge for corporate leaders. This study examines this gap within the furniture industry in Zimbabwe, where numerous firms have struggled to sustain operations, with over ten large firms exiting the market in the past decade. The primary objective was to investigate the challenges faced by entrepreneurs and managers in executing formulated strategies and to identify critical success factors that facilitate effective alignment between formulation and implementation. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, the study identified both internal and external determinants influencing firm performance. Key internal factors include organisational structure, culture, resource availability, communication systems, human capital, reward mechanisms, training, coordination, and monitoring processes. Product differentiation and industry dynamics were also highlighted as significant contributors. The findings reveal that when effectively managed, these factors act as enablers of successful strategy implementation; however, failure to recognise and align them exacerbates the disconnect between planning and execution. The study further underscores the adverse impact of Zimbabwe’s volatile external business environment—characterised by inflation, exchange rate instability, high borrowing costs, and political uncertainty—on firm performance. Importantly, employee involvement emerged as a critical issue, with most employees excluded from the strategy formulation phase, thereby limiting ownership and commitment during implementation. The study concludes that inclusive leadership practices and adaptive strategic responses to environmental conditions are essential for achieving strategic objectives.

The fundamental challenge in the post–COVID academic environment is the incessant brain-drain impinging on Nigerian universities, predominantly the exodus of skilled faculty to Europe and North America. This trend wanes institutional resilience and weakens academic effectiveness. This study examined the impact of brain-drain on the academic development in two key public universities in Lagos State, Nigeria: The University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba and Lagos State University, Ojo. In particular, it assessed the effect of brain-drain on teaching quality, the push–pull factors driving academic migration, and its impact on the academic environment and culture. The study was anchored on Human Capital Theory and Push–Pull Migration Theory while employed a descriptive survey design. Data were obtained from 324 academic staff members chosen through stratified and simple random sampling methods. A well-thought-out questionnaire was utilized, while descriptive statistics and one-sample t-tests were conducted utilizing SPSS for analysis. Findings uncovered that brain-drain significantly does harms to academic development in public universities in Lagos State. The shortfall of experienced academics has resulted in teaching difficulty, delayed research activities, lessened mentorship opportunities, and dropped staff morale. Main drivers of relocation encompassed dissatisfied salaries, insufficient research funding, restricted career advancement opportunities, political unpredictability, and insecure working conditions. Hypothesis testing indicated significant effects on teaching quality and instructional administration (t = 49.888, p < 0.05), push–pull migration factors (t = 117.260, p < 0.05), and academic environment and culture (t = 145.962, p < 0.05), resulting in the rejection of all null hypotheses. The study concluded that persistent brain-drain endangers sustainable academic development and recommended enhanced salaries, better educational funding, improved research facilities, and robust staff retention strategies.

The quality of teachers in the school system cannot be underrated as no education system can rise above the quality of her teachers The instability in the education reform agenda under different governments in Kwara State has brought about diverse training policies and programmes to effect the quality of teachers at Primary school level. This inconsistency and lack of continuity in training programmes for teachers limit their teaching effectiveness. Different Non-Government Organizations such as ESSPIN, UNESCO and World Health Organization collaborated with the State Government to provide the training programme that would promote teachers’ professional growth and improve quality of instructional delivery in schools. Therefore, the crux of this paper is to examine the training programmes that teachers have undergone in Kwara State in the last decade, and evaluate the extent to which these programmes have produced intended result through teachers’ performance at primary schools. These training programmes include Education Reform Agenda of 2008 and Kwara Learn agenda of 2021. The roles and efforts of Quality Assurance Bureau, and State School Improvement Team are relevant. The inconsistency and instability in the training policies was due to politization of education which influence the efficacy of each of the programmes. Consequently, the quality of teaching at Public Primary Schools becomes grave concern to all stakeholders in Nigeria inspite of the huge amount committed to these different training programmes. Some recommendations made are that the State Government should back up the establishment of training bodies with law, ensure stability in training program without political interference, provide adequate funding for the training of teachers and improve on the school infrastructure.

Public universities in North East, Nigeria encounter significant challenges due to the insecurity stemming from the Boko Haram insurgency. These issues have potential to impede their capacity to ensure a secure learning environment and fulfil their objectives. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the relationship between institutional safety and goals achievement in public universities within the region. A descriptive correlational survey design was employed, focusing on a population of 4,830 lecturers from public universities across Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe states, selected through purposive sampling. A sample size of 1,585 was determined using Research Advisor, and an instrument titled “Institutional Safety and Goals Achievement Questionnaire (ISGAQ)” was developed. The instrument's validity was confirmed by experts in Educational Management and Educational Tests, Measurement and Evaluation, while reliability was established via the test-retest method, yielding Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.78 and 0.79 for institutional safety, and goals achievement respectively at 0.05 level of significance. Questionnaires were distributed to 1,585 lecturers, with 1,339 duly filled responses returned. Data analysis was conducted, utilizing descriptive statistics such as means for research questions, and multiple regression analysis for the main hypothesis, with Pearson’s product-moment correlation for operational hypotheses, all at a 0.05 significant level. Findings revealed high levels of institutional safety (2.87) and goal achievement (2.89) in the public universities. Additionally, a significant correlation was found between safety and goals achievement, with an R² value of 98%. The study recommends that university leadership should actively support and enhance a positive institutional safety and goals achievement.

Marital conflict is increasingly prevalent in Ilorin, Kwara State, leading to broken marriages, divorce, and family disintegration. The weakness of formal adjudication has prompted the Council of Ulama to mediate conflicts among couples. This study examined the effects of Ulama intervention on marital conflict in Ilorin. Using a mixed-method design, 102 questionnaires were administered to married couples and 100 to Ulama, Sharia court judges, and community leaders, with 96 and 100 responses analyzed, respectively. Additionally, 10 key informant interviews were conducted. Findings revealed that marital conflict arises from sexual and social incompatibility, poor communication, lack of respect, infidelity, and moral decadence. Mediation by the Ulama positively impacted conflict resolution, reducing divorce, domestic violence, marital stress, and neglect of children. Challenges included the non-binding nature of mediation and occasional resistance by couples. The study recommends legal recognition of the Council, formal mediation training, monitoring of outcomes, and regular sensitization programs for new couples.

In the history of development, societies that prioritize the provision of adequate infrastructure such as roads, rails, ports, etc. have been known to enjoy remarkable rates of development and accompanying level of security. Physical infrastructure is especially very critical in the process of development. They are critical to the development because they support and facilitate communication, trade, social integration, economic development, etc. Indeed, going beyond development, such as infrastructure engender and enhance security. In the two decades of the 80s and 90s, urban Kaduna was known for frequent violent conflict and consistent erosion of security. A number of studies on the causation of conflict and the erosion of security in Kaduna argued that lack of or the poor State of physical infrastructure in Kaduna is a major factor in the causation of conflicts in Kaduna. Using Secondary data, this paper examines the impact of the massive infrastructural development programme of the El-Rufai Administration in Kaduna between 2015-2023 and its implication for development and security in urban Kaduna. Using the infrastructure –led development theory, the paper found that the wide disparity in the distribution of physical infrastructure between the Northern and Southern parts of urban Kaduna could be a credible source of conflict as the development strategy promotes unequal development. The paper recommends the prioritisation of physical infrastructural development in the Southern part of urban Kaduna and other neglected parts of the city.

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the contribution of women to the socio-religious aspect has greatly increased base on the interpretations of Islamic principles on women’s leadership roles. Despite the patriarchal systems that keeps female religious authority down, Sufi matrons are now seen as powerful figures in domestic conflict mediation in Muslim Yorubaland. This paper discusses the mediator roles of Sufi matrons in managing marital and family conflicts in Muslim communities especially from the perspective of justice-oriented dimensions of their interventions and their faith-based fairness. It also considers the moral dilemmas faced by their mediation works and evaluates how their capabilities in today's Muslim family life can be enhanced. The research utilizes a qualitative approach and the data are taken from the Sufi groups and by using several methods of examination, one of which is the analysis of religious texts within the context of Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah. The study shows that Sufi matrons are used as mediators that focus on mediation to allow reconciliation for peace to rain and enhance psychology comfort to keep families together and community harmony. The source of their interventions is deeply rooted in their spiritual status with ethical character and the cultural ways of restorative justice. Nonetheless, the patriarchal mindset the lack of proper acknowledgement at institutional levels and the debates about female religious leadership have limited their involvement. The paper concludes by stating that the domestically based and Sharī‘ah compliant mediation settings that include the Sufi matrons would be a very effective way to resolve domestic conflicts in Muslim Yorubaland. It proposes extensive research policy acknowledgment with organized mediation-related education so that these parts of their work will help restorative justice and everlasting peace-building.

In Africa’s multilingual landscape, the quality, availability, and institutional commitment to translated legal and policy texts are pivotal to access justice and inclusive governance. This article examines how inadequate, inaccurate, and institutionally neglected translation of legal instruments, policy documents, and governance frameworks across the Anglophone–Francophone divide in West Africa creates systemic barriers to regional integration, equitable participation, and the rule of law. Focusing particularly on cross-border contexts between Nigeria and neighbouring states—Benin, Niger, and Cameroon—the study shows how translation failures contribute to legal fragmentation and uneven civic engagement. Drawing on Translation Studies, Critical Discourse Analysis, and Legal Linguistics, the article analyses a corpus of mistranslated legal documents, ECOWAS treaty instruments, and cross-border policy materials to identify recurrent patterns of terminological distortion, procedural omission, register failure, and conceptual non-equivalence. Semi-structured interviews with legal practitioners, policymakers, and civil society representatives further illuminate the lived consequences of these failures: citizens unable to exercise rights they cannot read; cross-border legal disputes that remain unresolved due to terminological incompatibility; and development programmes that fail to effectively reach Francophone beneficiaries. The article also advances translation justice as both an analytical and normative framework, arguing that linguistically equitable governance is a prerequisite for meaningful regional integration. It proposes a five-pillar Translation Justice Framework for Inclusive African Governance (TJFIAG) as a structural response, positioning language technology, professional standards, and community participation as mutually reinforcing instruments for more effective multilingual governance architecture. Finally, the study contributes to the broader 5IR innovation agenda and to ongoing debates on inclusive, resilient higher education and governance across sub-Saharan Africa.

Displacement, violent conflict, misinformation and destruction of social fabric continue to undermine peacebuilding efforts across Africa continent, even as the adoption of digital platforms continue to gain traction among governments, NGOs and civil society actors. Nevertheless, many of these innovations replicate automation‑driven, that is, top‑down logics associated with Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) models, that often marginalise indigenous knowledge and communal agency. This paper addresses this gap by examining how digital peacebuilding can be built through the lens of the Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR), that is centred on social, ethical and inclusive innovation.The study employs a qualitative analysis of programme reports, illustrative cases from African initiatives and insights from practitioners. It analyses early warning and response systems, participatory digital dialogue and mediation platforms that utilises data emanating from the community for conflict prevention. Focusing on how these initiatives are designed and implemented in conflict‑affected settings, this study explores lived experience and operational realities rather than abstract technological propositions. The findings from this study reveal three key insights. First, indigenous mediation values significantly shape digital engagement strategies by demonstrating that culturally legitimacy is foundational to effective design. The finding also challenged the assumption that innovation necessarily requires high-end automation as low-tech platforms consistently outperform complex AI-driven systems due to accessibility in fragile and resource-constrained contexts. Lastly, it founds that community legitimacy is equally as critical as data accuracy in determining whether digital conflict prevention efforts will either succeed or fail.The paper reconceptualises digital peacebuilding as inclusive social innovation within Africa’s emerging 5IR landscape that privileges human agency, ethical and conflict-sensitive design and local ownership over the 4IR of technological sophistication. It offers actionable lessons for peace practioners, policymakers and technologist designing digital intervention for sustainable conflict transformation.

The increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely associated with dietary patterns high in glycemic load and fat. Potatoes, particularly when consumed as fried products, possess a high glycemic index and may contribute to metabolic disturbances. However, experimental evidence linking potato consumption to the progression of prediabetes to diabetes remains limited. This study investigated the metabolic effects of chronic consumption of fried potato products in a prediabetic Wistar rat model. Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were used. Prediabetes was induced through oral administration of lard (4 g/rat) and fructose (2 g/rat) for 6 weeks. Rats with fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels of 5.6–7.1 mmol/L were considered prediabetic and randomly assigned into four groups (n = 6): control (standard rat pellets), high-fat–high-fructose (HFHF) diet, French fries prepared with palm olein oil, and French fries prepared with canola oil. Diets were administered under isocaloric conditions for 14 weeks. Body weight and FBG were monitored weekly, while glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum lipid profile, and organ weights were assessed after 20 weeks. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test (p ≤ 0.05). Results: The HFHF group exhibited significant weight gain and highest FBG (7.2 mmol/L) and HbA1c (~8.5%), confirming severe metabolic impairment. Rats fed fried potato diets showed moderate weight gain but significant increases in FBG (6.8–7.2 mmol/L) and HbA1c (~7%), indicating progression to diabetes. Both fried potato groups demonstrated elevated total cholesterol and triglycerides, reduced HDL levels, and increased TG/HDL ratios compared to the control. Canola oil–fried potatoes produced the highest cholesterol levels. Additionally, increased liver, kidney, and visceral fat weights, alongside reduced pancreatic weight, were observed in all treatment groups, reflecting metabolic stress and organ dysfunction. Alterations were also observed in organs, including heart, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidney, of diabetic rats fed HFHF diet. In conclusion, frequent consumption of fried potato products poses a significant risk for the progression of prediabetes to type 2 diabetes, primarily through disruption of glucose and lipid homeostasis rather than immediate structural organ damage. These findings underscore the importance of dietary quality and food processing methods in the prevention and management of metabolic diseases, and suggest that limiting intake of fried, high-glycemic foods may be critical in individuals at risk of diabetes.

Burn injuries are a significant public health concern, especially in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), with a majority occurring in and around homes. Household-related burns are caused by activities involving cooking, heating, and lighting. Open flames from traditional stoves, three stone fires, hot liquids, and unstable set stoves increase the risk. Overcrowding, poor housing, and unsafe kitchen setups further heighten exposure. This study aimed to assess the occurrence, causes and the outcomes of household energy-related burns among patients treated at Moi Teaching and Referral hospital, Kenya. A hospital-based prospective study was conducted between June 2024 and December 2025. A total of 289 participants were interviewed using the WHO Burn Registry form. Descriptive statistics and the Kaplan Meier analysis were used. Out of 289 participants, children aged 0–5 years old were predominant, accounting for 177(61%). The proportion of burn injuries attributable to household energy was 273(94%), with 226 (78%) occurring during cooking. Most participants (55%) sustained burns involving 1–10% TBSA, while 17% had extensive burns affecting ≥30% TBSA, indicating a substantial burden of severe burn injuries. The arms were the most affected body part with 66% of the participants sustaining injuries on this area. Charcoal (36%) and wood (34%) accounted for a majority of the cases however, electricity and LPG contributed to the worst burn outcomes compared to wood and charcoal. Household energy-related burns were common among children and females. The median length of hospital stay was 30 days, IQR of 49 days. There was 26(9%) mortality, and 32(11%) permanent disability. From our findings, a large proportion of burn injuries were household energy-related and mostly caused by polluting fuels. Policies geared towards transitioning to safer household energy options and health education on burn injury prevention should be put in place.

Atrazine is a widely used herbicide and an environmental contaminant of One Health concern due to its adverse effects on ecosystem, animal, and human health. Exposure to atrazine has been associated with impaired male fertility through oxidative stress, inflammation, endocrine disruption, and apoptosis. Nigella sativa oil (NSO) possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may protect against toxicant-induced reproductive damage. This study investigated the time-dependent protective effects of NSO on atrazine-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats. Adult male Wistar rats were allocated into six groups: control, atrazine-treated (28 and 56 days), NSO-treated, and NSO plus atrazine-treated (28 and 56 days). Semen quality was assessed using sperm motility, count, and morphology. Oxidative stress biomarkers including malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were evaluated. Hormonal and inflammatory responses were assessed using testosterone and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Testicular tissues were subjected to histological and immunohistochemical analyses fo r PCNA, Bcl-2, and Ki67. Bioinformatics tools were used to explore molecular pathways associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and reproductive function. Atrazine exposure significantly impaired semen quality. Sperm motility decreased from 68.0% in controls to 3.7% and 13.0% following 28 and 56 days of exposure, respectively. Sperm count declined from 32.0 to 7.9 and 22.8 million/mL, while normal morphology decreased from 93.6% to 75.0% and 83.8%. Atrazine-induced reproductive dysfunction was accompanied by alterations in oxidative stress markers, inflammatory mediators, and testosterone levels. NSO co-administration improved semen parameters, restored hormonal balance, attenuated inflammatory responses, and modulated oxidative stress pathways, with the strongest protective effects observed after 56 days of treatment. NSO mitigates atrazine-induced reproductive toxicity through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. These findings support its potential as a therapeutic intervention against environmentally induced male infertility and highlight the importance of One Health approaches to reproductive well-being.

Global healthcare systems increasingly face chronic disease burdens, rising costs, workforce shortages, health inequities and environmental sustainability challenges. Within this context, Indigenous Holistic Herbal Medicine representing centuries of accumulated wisdom on medicinal plants, preventive care and the interconnection of physical, emotional, spiritual and environmental health has attracted renewed scholarly attention. Yet many Indigenous knowledge systems face erosion through globalisation, urbanisation, cultural displacement and limited intergenerational transmission. This paper examines Indigenous Holistic Herbal Medicine as a sustainable, culturally responsive component of contemporary healthcare. Drawing on, biodiversity conservation, healthcare accessibility and systemic integration. Findings indicate that Indigenous healing practices offer meaningful contributions to community health, preventive care and equitable healthcare delivery especially for underserved populations. Meaningful integration demands respectful collaboration among Indigenous knowledge holders, healthcare practitioners, researchers, and policymakers. Protecting intellectual property rights, upholding ethical research standardsj and supporting culturally grounded health models are essential to ensuring Indigenous traditions remain living systems rather than historical relics. This paper concludes that sustainable global healthcare depends not only on technological innovation but also on the responsible preservation and integration of Indigenous knowledge systems that have sustained human wellbeing across generations.

Diabetes mellitus remains a major global public health challenge, affecting 589 million globally and 23.6 million adults in Africa, with Nigeria’s prevalence rising from 5.77% to 7.0%. Limitations of conventional therapies have increased interest in affordable plant-based alternatives such as Vernonia amygdalina and Hibiscus sabdariffa, both recognized for hypoglycemic properties; however, there is limited local evidence in the study area. This study evaluated the anti-diabetic activities of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) leaf extract and Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) calyx extract on blood glucose levels, body weight, and liver enzyme parameters in alloxan-induced Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced intraperitoneally using alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg). Sixty rats were randomly assigned to twelve groups: normal saline control, diabetic control, three graded doses (500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg) of VA (ACHRI/H16/106), HS (ACHRI/H16/104), and a metformin group (200 mg/kg) for each plant. Treatments were administered orally for 21 days. Blood glucose level was measured at 0, 6, 12, and 24 hours weekly and analyzed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with a Bonferroni post hoc test; body weight was also recorded weekly. Liver enzymes were assessed at the end of the study and analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test. Both extracts demonstrated dose- and time-dependent hypoglycaemic effects. By Week 3, 1000 mg/kg VA and HS reduced blood glucose by 35.89% and 50.13%, respectively, compared with 56.56% for metformin. Both extracts improved body weight and demonstrated hepatoprotective effects, although VA at 2000 mg/kg was associated with elevated liver enzyme levels. Additionally, both extract-treated groups showed significant increases in body weight compared with diabetic controls. This study validates the hypoglycemic properties of both plants, alongside improvements in body weight. Both extracts showed hepatoprotective potential, although high-dose VA (2000 mg/kg) may induce hepatic stress.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an important food crop in Kenya, especially in the semi-arid areas; many of which also have saline soils. Adoption of salt resistant varieties could improve production in these areas. Cowpeas form significant symbiotic nitrogen fixing association with Bradyrhizobium spp. Climate change could exacerbate the soil salinity posing significant challenges to both cowpea growth and its beneficial association with bradyrhizobia. Information on salt-tolerant cowpeas and associated bradyrhizobia strains is limited. This study was conducted to investigate the salt tolerance of selected Kenyan cowpea varieties and their ability to form effective nitrogen-fixing associations with Bradyrhizobia under medium to high salinity. The plants were raised in the greenhouse in sand-containing pots that were irrigated with water at 0.3, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 14.0 and 15.0 dS m-1 with six replicates. The plants were harvested at the 40th day after sowing (DAS), and measurements were made and recorded for number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf fresh weight, plant fresh height, shoot fresh weight; root number, length and weight. The plants were dried at 65C for 48 hours and assessed for root and shoot dry weight. Data on root-to-shoot ratio and percentage of water content were generated. The data was subjected to two-way analysis of variance. Counts and ratio data were log-transformed before analysis, and means were separated using Tukey test at p<0.05. The salinity significantly (P<0.05) reduced cowpea germination and growth: none of the cowpea accessions germinated at 15.0 dS m-1. The salinity significantly (P<0.05) reduced all the measured growth parameters. None of the accessions was more affected than the others, however Kunde Kubwa and Ken Kunde maintained higher growth performance at the highest salinity level. It is concluded that Cowpea variety; Kunde Kubwa and Ken Kunde are more resistant to salt stress.

This study assesses the implementation and effectiveness of the first Computer-Based Test (CBT) promotion examination conducted by the Kwara State Teaching Service Commission in 2025. The initiative, introduced under the Kwara State Government, marked a significant transition from conventional paper-based promotion assessments to a technology-driven system aimed at improving transparency, efficiency, and accountability in staff evaluation. Reports indicate that the examination, held on October 30, 2025, involved both teaching and non-teaching staff and formed part of a broader reform to align the state’s education sector with emerging digital assessment practices. Adopting a descriptive survey design, the study evaluates stakeholders’ perceptions, administrative efficiency, technical readiness, and challenges encountered during the exercise. Data sources include policy documents, official TESCOM publications, and participant feedback. The findings suggest that the CBT system enhanced examination credibility by reducing malpractice, ensuring standardized testing conditions, and promoting digital literacy among teachers. Additionally, prior training and orientation programmes contributed to the smooth conduct of the exercise, with many participants describing the process as transparent and well-organized. However, the study identifies key challenges, including limited ICT infrastructure, varying levels of computer proficiency among staff, and initial technical anxieties. Despite these constraints, the initiative represents a progressive step toward modernizing teacher management and evaluation systems in Kwara State. The shift is also consistent with broader national trends toward computer-based assessments in education and public service recruitment.The study concludes that the 2025 CBT promotion examination serves as a model for other state education agencies seeking to digitize assessment processes. It recommends sustained investment in ICT infrastructure, continuous capacity building for teachers, and policy support to institutionalize digital assessment practices across the education sector.

Understanding species-level variability in edible insects is fundamental for their use as food ingredients. However, comparative datasets integrating protein composition,
micronutrient content, thermal behaviour, and colour across multiple insect species
remain limited. Six edible insect species, T. obscura, T. molitor, H. illucens, G.
bimaculatus, R. differens, and S. gregaria, were analysed in the full-fat state using
triplicate samples. Amino acid composition, mineral content, thermal stability, and colour attributes were quantified and evaluated using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to determine overall species effects. Amino acid profiles differed significantly among species (p < 0.001), with clear separation observed for total, essential, hydrophobic, and charged amino acid fractions. Mineral composition was likewise species dependent (p < 0.001), revealing distinct macro- and trace-mineral signatures across species. Thermogravimetric analysis further demonstrated species-specific thermal decomposition behaviour, indicating differences in thermal stability and compositional architecture among insects. Colour attributes also varied markedly, with S. gregaria exhibiting higher lightness and chroma, while H. illucens and T. molitor displayed darker, less saturated profiles. Within-species variability was low across all measurements. The pronounced inter-species differences observed across nutritional composition, thermal behaviour, and colour attributes demonstrate that edible insects represent a diverse ingredient space rather than a uniform protein category. From an industrial perspective, these baseline differences have direct implications for ingredient specification, formulation strategy, nutritional positioning, and consumer acceptance.

Gamma irradiation is a powerful mutagenic tool in plant breeding, capable of inducing a stable, broad spectrum of DNA variation and chromosomal alterations. Flow cytometry (FCM), the gold standard for nuclear DNA quantification, enables rapid detection of irradiation-induced genomic shifts. This study evaluated the cytogenomic effects of gamma irradiation on three cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes (CAS-1, CAS-2, CAS-3) using doses of 0–30 Gy in a factorial design. Nuclear DNA content was estimated relative to Zea mays cv. CE-777 and statistical analyses were performed using Welch ANOVA and Games–Howell post hoc tests. Distinct genotype-specific responses emerged: CAS-1 remained stable across all treatments (≤0.5% variation); CAS-2 showed modest DNA reductions at 15–25 Gy (−0.8 to −1.6%); and CAS-3 exhibited a pronounced increase at 15 Gy (+4.5%), accompanied by endoreplication peaks (2C–32C) indicative of irradiation-induced polyploidization. Welch ANOVA confirmed highly significant genotype × dose interactions (η² = 0.989), and clustering analyses separated irradiated CAS-3 nuclei into a distinct group. These findings demonstrate cassava’s genomic plasticity under mutagenic stress: CAS-1 is stable, CAS-2 is vulnerable to DNA loss, and CAS-3 is prone to expansion and altered cell cycle regulation. The study underscores the utility of FCM for detecting subtle genomic shifts and provides actionable insights for tailored gamma irradiation strategies in cassava improvement. This approach can accelerate breeding pipelines aimed at enhancing diversity and durable resistance to viral diseases, such as cassava brown streak disease.

The study examines the determinants of Artificial Intelligence (AI) adoption in procurement processes and its impact on the performance of Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) firms in Arusha, Tanzania. While global literature highlights AI as a transformative driver of procurement efficiency, empirical evidence in Sub-Saharan Africa remains limited. Using a cross-sectional quantitative design, data were collected from 154 FMCG firms through proportionate stratified random sampling, covering both large- and medium-scale manufacturers and small-scale processors. The findings reveal that AI adoption significantly enhances procurement performance, particularly by reducing operational costs, improving lead times, and increasing inventory accuracy. However, institutional barriers, including poor supplier data quality, high software acquisition costs, unreliable internet connectivity, and shortages of data-literate professionals, hinder adoption outcomes. The study further confirms a pronounced digital divide: large firms with greater financial depth and skilled resources exhibit higher levels of AI integration, while small-scale processors remain reliant on manual systems. These results align with global studies emphasising the strategic role of AI in supply chain resilience, yet they also highlight localised challenges unique to emerging economies. Theoretically, the study extends the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Resource-Based View (RBV) to a Sub-Saharan context, demonstrating that both user perceptions and organisational resources jointly determine adoption success. In practice, the findings provide procurement managers with evidence to justify AI investments while highlighting the need for data quality improvements and workforce training. Policy implications include targeted infrastructure development, subsidised access to technology, and digital literacy programs to bridge the divide between large manufacturers and SMEs. Overall, the study contributes to academic discourse by filling a critical empirical gap and offering actionable pathways for inclusive digital transformation in Tanzania's FMCG sector.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an important food security crop among smallholder farmers in Kenya's semi-arid regions, where soil salinity constrains yields and is likely to intensify under climate change. Salinity stress can further compromise cowpea productivity by disrupting its symbiotic nitrogen-fixing association with Bradyrhizobium spp., a relationship that is particularly important for crop performance in nutrient-poor soils. However, limited research has characterized the salt tolerance of Kenyan cowpea germplasm. This study assessed the salinity tolerance of selected Kenyan cowpea accession to identify those that may be suitable for cultivation in salt-affected production systems. Plants were grown in sand-filled pots under greenhouse conditions and irrigated with saline water at six salinity levels (0.3, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 14.0, and 15.0 dS m⁻¹), with six replicates arranged in a randomized complete block design. At 40 days after sowing, the following parameters were assessed: Number of germinated seeds, plant height, branch number, leaf number, leaf area, fresh and dry biomass, root number, root length, root-to-shoot ratio, and percentage water content. The data was subjected to analysis of variance: count and ratio data were log-transformed prior to analysis, and mean separation was performed using Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Salinity significantly reduced germination and all growth parameters assessed (p < 0.05), with no accession germinating at 15.0 dS m⁻¹. Kunde Kubwa and Ken Kunde maintained significantly higher growth than other accessions at 14dSm-1 salinity levels, indicating superior salt tolerance. These findings identify Kunde Kubwa and Ken Kunde as the most salt-tolerant cowpea accessions evaluated in this study. The two accessions could be promoted for cultivation in salt affected areas, providing a valuable genetic resource for breeding programs aimed at developing salt-tolerant cowpea cultivars for Kenya's salt-affected semi-arid agricultural systems.

The institutions of higher learning in Kenya continue to face challenges related to management of student well-being and welfare during their academic life. The students in face not only mental health challenges but also pressing social concerns which include strained peer relationships, financial pressures, family conflicts leading to exposure to risky behaviors. Traditional support structures, including religious institutions, have declined in influence, leaving a gap in moral and emotional guidance. This study examined how structured mentorship and life skills training programs are impeded by institutional gaps. A cross-sectional mixed-methods design was employed across six universities, combining online survey questionnaires administered to students, lecturers, and staff involved in student mentorship, with focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The results showed that there is low frequency of training in universities. 70% of the respondents’ reported attending only 1 or 2 sessions of training. Students who attended more training sessions reported significant reduction in stress (F 2,197 = 5.87, p < 0.01) showing that low frequency of training undermines effectiveness. Additionally, the training did not address the core issues affecting students such as academic performance (60%), financial pressures (50%) and future uncertainty (45%), but put more emphasis on communication and conflict resolution.
Academic performance and financial stress (r = 0.41, p < 0.01) demonstrate that stressors cluster together, showing that training must address multiple dimensions in order to be effective. Loneliness and relationship stress (r = 0.52, p < 0.001) showed a strong co-occurrence, highlighting the need for mentorship and peer support structures. There is weak and low-quality mentorship and facilitation quality. In adequate resources both financial, human and infrastructural emerged as the key impediments. The results also point to the fact that some respondents suggested that rather than being optional, the training should be integrated in the curriculum. We recommend the need for adequate mentorship structures such as friendly peer counselling units. Universities should embed life skills training programs into curricula, expand peer-led mentorship initiatives, and aligning interventions with national education and health strategies. By proactively addressing social concerns, universities can create supportive environments that enhance student success and contribute to sustainable transformation under the Fifth Industrial Revolution.

Recognizing and addressing the cultural context in research is crucial for establishing equitable partnerships. This poster draws examples from my research on how youth morality is imparted through the Bukusu circumcision rite of passage to demonstrate the value of cultural awareness and sensitivity in fostering fair and effective collaborations across diverse African communities. First, the poster delves into various aspects of cultural differences, such as the teaching styles- here dominated by proverbs, riddles, and story telling, decision-making processes, values, and perceptions of power which define roles among different groups. Secondly, the presentation explains how these factors can impact partnership dynamics. The use of proverbs and riddles may require careful contextualization and a deeper understanding of cultural -based meanings. The presentation would then propose strategies and best practices for identifying, understanding, and navigating these differences to build truly equitable relationships. This could include emphasizing active listening, promoting intercultural dialogue, developing culturally competent communication strategies, and establishing shared understandings of goals and expectations. The ultimate goal would be to demonstrate how a proactive approach to cultural recognition can prevent misunderstandings, mitigate conflicts, and ultimately lead to more successful, sustainable, and mutually beneficial partnerships.

Wetlands within the Kenyan Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) represent critical socio-ecological assets providing essential ecosystem services, including biodiversity conservation, flood mitigation, and water purification. However, escalating anthropogenic pressures and climate variability threaten their ecological integrity, necessitating robust spatiotemporal monitoring. This study quantified multi-decadal, seasonal variations of key ecohydrological drivers across four distinct wetlands (Yala, Dunga, Nyando, and Sio Port) using a multi-sensor remote sensing framework. Earth observation data from Sentinel-2, Landsat (5/7/8/9), MODIS, CHIRPS precipitation, and ERA5-Land reanalysis were integrated to derive spectral indices (NDVI, EVI, NDWI, MNDWI, NDMI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) from 1981 to 2025. Analysis revealed pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity and distinct seasonal trajectories. Peak vegetative productivity and hydrological connectivity occurred during the long-rains season (March–May), characterized by optimal canopy greenness (), surface inundation (), and elevated soil moisture (), coinciding with depressed thermal regimes (). Dry seasons induced severe habitat contraction, evidenced by sharp declines in moisture metrics (; ) and elevated thermal stress (). Inter-wetland comparisons indicated that Yala Swamp exhibited the highest ecohydrological resilience and moisture retention. In contrast, Dunga and Nyando wetlands displayed extreme seasonal volatility, signalling high vulnerability driven by localized urbanization, agricultural encroachment, and sedimentation. Correlation analyses confirmed precipitation as the dominant macro-climatic driver, exhibiting strong positive couplings with moisture indices () and a strong inverse relationship with LST (). While precipitation drives macro-climatic wetland phenology in the LVB, localized anthropogenic disturbances are actively destabilizing these systems, undermining their natural buffering capacities. The heightened seasonal volatility observed in Nyando and Dunga underscores an accelerating transition toward fragmented, disturbance-driven regimes, necessitating targeted, adaptive ecohydrological management strategies to mitigate the intensifying climate-land-use nexus.

Agrifood incubation hubs are increasingly promoted as pathways for youth employment, enterprise development, and food systems transformation. However, limited attention has been given to what application-stage evidence reveals before incubation begins, particularly who applies, how applicants articulate their ventures, and whether selection tools can distinguish livelihood-oriented enterprises from innovation-ready ventures. This study draws on application data from an agrifood incubation hub to examine entrepreneurial readiness, business model articulation, and evidence-based selection challenges. Using a mixed-methods case study approach, the paper analyses applicant profiles, venture stage, sector focus, funding history, application completeness, review outcomes, and Business Model Canvas responses. The findings reveal strong demand for agrifood incubation, but also expose a significant readiness gap. Many applicants presented conventional or livelihood-oriented businesses with limited evidence of innovation, market differentiation, scalability, or clearly defined value propositions. Incomplete Business Model Canvas submissions further indicate the need for structured pre-incubation support before entrepreneurs enter formal incubation. The study also identifies application data quality as a critical constraint. Missing, inconsistent, or incomplete fields limited fair comparison among ventures and weakened evidence-based selection. The findings suggest that incubation application systems should serve not only as administrative screening tools, but also as diagnostic instruments for identifying entrepreneurial capacity gaps, training needs, and ecosystem constraints. The paper contributes to debates on agrifood entrepreneurship, incubation design, and youth enterprise development by showing that the transition from livelihood enterprise to innovation venture is not automatic. It requires deliberate support in business model development, market validation, innovation framing, and data-informed selection workflows.

Maintaining high seed quality throughout the post-harvest handling chain remains a major challenge in commercial maize seed production. Harvesting stage, processing, storage and varieties are documented contributing factors to seed quality. Their interactive effects under commercial production systems remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the influence of these factors on the physiological and physical quality of maize (Zea mays L.) seed. Three hybrid varieties (H614D, H6213, and H629) were assessed at successive post-harvest stages using standard germination, electrical conductivity, mean germination time, moisture content, and mechanical damage. Data was subjected to Analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis, and principal component analysis. Seed harvested at physiological maturity recorded better seed quality, recording higher germination, lower electrical conductivity, and shorter germination time than seed harvested at harvest maturity (P < 0.0001). Storage duration was the primary driver of seed deterioration. The seed exhibited significant reductions in germination (96.72 to 90.65%) accompanied by increase of electrical conductivity (5.18 to 10.64 µS cm⁻¹ g⁻¹). Variety variation significantly influenced seed responses throughout processing, with H614D exhibiting superior membrane integrity and the least mechanical damage, H629 maintaining consistently high germination, and H6213 showing greater susceptibility to mechanical injury during processing. Shelling was identified as the stage introducing the greatest mechanical damage, whereas seed dressing type substantially influence seed quality under storage. The principal component analysis and the correlations done revealed that the mechanical damage and the electrical conductivity were the most significant factors influencing seed deterioration. The results indicate that the quality of the seeds deteriorates as a result of cumulative effects arising from the time of harvesting, processing, storage period, and genetic factor. Timing of the harvest, mechanical damage prevention during the process, and short storage periods are vital factors of consideration in seed quality management.

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are significant constraints to finger millet production in Kenya, yet their diversity and distribution in the major growing regions remain poorly characterized. This study assessed the community composition, frequency, and diversity of PPNs associated with finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in Kapsowar ward, Elgeyo-Marakwet County. Soil and root samples were collected from twenty farms along an altitudinal gradient from the uplands to the escarpment. Nematodes were extracted from 100 cc soil samples, morphologically identified to genus level, and community diversity indices (richness, Shannon H', Simpson D, and evenness E) were calculated. Ten PPN genera were identified, with Helicotylenchus (29.5%) and Hoplolaimus (21.0%) being the most dominant. Meloidogyne and Filenchus occurred at intermediate frequencies (14.0% each), while Pratylenchus (4.0%), Criconema (4.75%), and rare genera (Xiphidorus, Paratylenchus, Trichodorus, Hemicycliophora) occurred at lower frequencies. Diversity varied considerably across farms; species richness ranged from 2 to 6 genera per farm, Shannon diversity (H') ranged from 0.45 to 1.63, and evenness from 0.65 to 0.94. Farms in upland areas exhibited greater diversity (H' > 1.30; S ≥ 5), while lower altitude farms showed reduced diversity (H' < 1.00; S ≤ 3). The presence of economically important genera—particularly Meloidogyne javanica and Pratylenchus spp., which have established tolerance limits of 0.65 J2/g and 1.70 nematodes/g soil, respectively—indicates significant pathogenic potential. This study documents a diverse PPN community in finger millet ecosystems, with spatial heterogeneity in community structure. The dominance of spiral and lance nematodes, coupled with the presence of lesion and root-knot nematodes, underscores the need for region-specific integrated pest management strategies to mitigate yield losses in this staple crop.

Worldwide, the availability of arable land and other natural resources is declining and
is projected to decline further as climate change challenges persist amid a growing
population. Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) are commercially cultivated
under soilless systems, using growing media, as they require an acidic substrate for
root and plant growth. This review investigates established theories, limitations, and
research gaps regarding the use of growing media as a substrate and its influence on
sustainable blueberry production. The study employed a semi-systematic approach
in conceptualising various sources available in the discipline. Databases that are
available on the Cape Peninsula University of Technology Library ProQuest portal,
such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and other sources, were
used to critically evaluate and identify relevant sources. Different growing media
materials greatly influence the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the
substrate that ensure aeration, water and nutrient supply. The choice of material
should mainly be based on its ability to withstand acidic conditions. For blueberries,
materials such as peat moss, which has been widely used, are common; however,
concerns about environmental impact have shifted the focus to alternatives to peat.
These alternative materials are used in a composition of two or more materials,
maximising benefits; however, this also affects the electrical conductivity (EC) and
the availability of minerals, such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, B, Zn, etc. Renewable
agricultural products should be considered when choosing an ideal growing medium.
Continuous monitoring and adjustments are critical for blueberry species that are
sensitive to cultivation conditions, especially under soilless cultivation. Future
research should primarily focus on long-term evaluation of the effects of the different
growing media materials on agronomic performance while promoting sustainable
cultivation practices.

Aspergillus flavus the most common grain mould fungi that results in acute form of aflatoxicosis and affects the liver and other organs leading to reduced growth rate and reproduction. The study investigated the effects of different levels of aflatoxin on growth rate, feed intake and plasma cholesterol levels of rabbits. The study had the following objectives; determine the effects of Aflatoxin on feed intake in New Zealand White rabbits; evaluate the effects of Aflatoxin on growth rate of New Zealand White rabbits; and assess the effects of Aflatoxins on the plasma cholesterol levels of New Zealand White rabbits. A Complete Randomized Design experiment was used with 16 New Zealand White grower rabbits in 4 treatments of (A): 0 ppb Aflatoxin concentration + concentrate, (B); 75 ppb Aflatoxin concentration + concentrate, (C): 150 ppb Aflatoxin concentration + concentrate and (D) 300 ppb Aflatoxin concentration + concentrate. All the rabbits were initially weighed at day 0 and weights recorded daily. A formulated feed rations of 650gms with four different levels of Aflatoxin (0, 75, 150 and 300ppb) were given to each group of rabbits each morning and the leftover weighed and recorded for a period of nine-week period. Animals were pre-treated with Wormazine hydro-soluble anthelminth, Aliseryl WSP Hydrosoluble mix of antibiotics and given vitamins. Feed intake was determined daily and blood samples collected at the onset and on every two weeks and taken to the laboratory for cholesterol levels analysis. Resulting data were entered into Microsoft Excel application and analysed using Genstat 14 to generate descriptive statistics and ANOVA, and results presented in tabular and graphical formats. The rabbits in Treatments B and C displayed a pronounced and sustained decline feed intake as the F = 48.36, p = 0.001 indicated significant differences in feed intake in the different aflatoxin concentrations. The control group achieved the highest net weight gain, averaging 1.1675 kg followed by Treatment A at 0.700 kg, Treatment B had a a negligible change, Treatment C recorded an average net loss of 0.3 kg, with F = 13.13, p = 0.001 indicating statistically significant differences in overall weight in the different aflatoxin concentrations. Control group achieved the highest average weekly weight gain (130 g/week), followed by Treatment A (73.3 g/week). Rabbits in Treatments B and C showed negligible net change, with an average weekly gain of only 5.86 g/week, effectively maintaining baseline weight rather than exhibiting meaningful growth. The F = 10.53, p = 0.001 indicated statistically significant differences in weight gain/loss in the different aflatoxin concentrations. The control group (0 ppb) exhibited a mean cholesterol level of 106.81 ± 1.07 mg/dL,treatments A (75 ppb aflatoxin) and B (150 ppb) maintained relatively stable cholesterol levels (105.63 ± 4.46 mg/dL and 112.94 ± 10.53 mg/dL, respectively).the control group (0 ppb) and Treatment A (75 ppb ) exhibited the lowest average LDL concentration at 60 mg/dL with means of 54.94 ± 4.08 mg/dL and 56.63 ± 1.36 mg/dL, respectively. In contrast, treatment B (150 ppb) showed moderately elevated LDL (63.13 ± 7.03 mg/dL), ranging between 55 and 70 mg/dL while those in Treatment C (300 ppb) displayed a pronounced increase, with a mean of 85.69 ± 14.22 mg/dL and individual values ranging from 65 to 95 mg/dL. The control group (0 ppb) exhibited the most stable HDL profile, with a mean of 35.44 ± 2.29 mg/dL and a narrow range (35–40 mg/dL), with Treatments A (75 ppb) and B (150 ppb) showing similar HDL levels (34.50 ± 1.91 mg/dL and 34.44 ± 2.01 mg/dL, respectively. The study clearly demonstrates that dietary aflatoxin B₁ has significant and dose-dependent negative effects on New Zealand White rabbits across three critical domains: feed intake, growth performance, and plasma lipid metabolism. The study calls for the effective management of aflatoxin contamination in rabbit production through holistic, integrated approach and stringent mycotoxin control.

Agroforestry practices have demonstrated a positive contribution towards soil fertility replenishment and soil conservation, climate change mitigation and adaptation and biodiversity preservation on agricultural land. However, little is still known about the disease and pest dynamics in these systems, including Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs). The present study was carried out to characterize the PPNs community as affected by selected agroforestry tree species (Leucaena leucocephala, Calliandra calothyrsus, Sesbania sesban or Grevillea robusta) in Western Kenya. Soil samples were collected at an increasing radial distance (rhizosphere, canopy and open field) from the tree trunk of selected trees. Nematodes were extracted from the soil samples and morphologically identified to genera level. In total, ten genera of PPNs including Hoplolaimus, Helicotylenchus, Tylenchulus, Meloidogyne, Criconema, Rotylenchulus, Longidorus, Tricodorus, Xiphinema and Pratylenchus were identified. All the identified nematode genera in the present study encompass species of economic importance. Higher nematode densities of Helicotylenchus and Rotylenchus were recorded under G. robusta agroforestry systems at 20 individuals (100 cc soil)-1 and 55 individuals (100 cc soil)-1, respectively. C. calothyrsus agroforestry systems were dominated by Tylenchulus, Meloidogyne and Hoplolaimus nematodes. Helicotylenchus nematodes density decreased with increasing radial distance from L. leucocephala (18 individuals (100 cc soil)-1 in the rhizosphere and 3 individuals (100 cc soil)-1 in the open field), but increased with the increasing radial distance from C. calothyrsus, G. robusta and S. Sesban. Similarly, Meloidogyne density decreased with increasing distance from G. robusta (28 individuals (100 cc soil)-1 in the rhizosphere and 2 individuals (100 cc soil)-1 in the open field) only while it followed an opposite trend in the rest of the agroforestry systems. High population densities of Hoplolaimus, Meloidogyne, and Pratylenchus have been commonly associated with substantial yield decrease in maize-bean cropping systems of tropical Africa. The reported trends in the present study raise a concern about a potential phytosanitary risk when L. leucocephala and C. calothyrsus are planted at a high density in an agroforestry system, in Western Kenya.

African food systems are under increasing pressure from climate change, land degradation, declining soil fertility, biodiversity loss, and rapid population growth, threatening progress towards food security and sustainable development. The emergence of the Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR) has introduced human centered technologies including artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, robotics, big data analytics, and precision agriculture that have the potential to transform agricultural systems. However, current innovation pathways largely overlook the rich repository of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) e.g. indigenous seed selection and preservation and traditional weather forecasting), despite their proven relevance in climate adaptation, natural resource management, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable farming. This disconnect limits the development of context specific and socially inclusive agricultural solutions across Africa. Addressing this gap requires a framework that positions indigenous knowledge and emerging technologies as complementary rather than competing systems. By examining their intersections, opportunities exist to imagine resilient food systems that combine technological innovation with locally grounded knowledge and practices. Particular attention is given to opportunities for enhancing climate resilience, sustainable resource use, agricultural productivity, and knowledge co-creation, while recognizing institutional, policy, technological, and socio-cultural factors that influence integration. Such an approach aligns with the human centered philosophy of the Fifth Industrial Revolution and the growing recognition of indigenous knowledge as a critical component of sustainable development. The discourse contributes to ongoing debates on inclusive agricultural transformation by advancing an integrative perspective capable of informing future research, innovation, and policy for resilient African food systems.

Soil fertility decline is a major challenge in Hawassa Zuria District, Southern Ethiopia. Farmers practice parkland agroforestry to mitigate this problem; however, the tree species that most effectively enhance soil fertility have not yet been identified. This study therefore aimed to evaluate soil properties under three common parkland tree species such as Acacia tortilis, Croton macrostachyus, and Vachellia nilotica. Soil samples were collected at mid‑canopy (2.5 m from the trunk), canopy edge (5 m from the trunk), and open area (15 m from the trunk), and at two depths (0–0.30 m and 0.30–0.60 m). A total of 324 undisturbed and 162 composite soil samples were analyzed. Spatial distributions of soil properties were mapped using inverse distance weighting in ArcGIS (10.8). The interaction effects of tree species and radial distance on soil properties were tested with MANOVA at α 0.05, followed by Tukey’s test. Spatial maps showed the distribution of soil properties throughout the study area. In addition to spatial mapping, statistical analysis revealed the significant interaction effect of tree species and radial distance on soil properties. V. nilotica at the mid‑canopy zone exhibited the most significant improvements in soil properties along soil depths. These improvements included soil pH (6.82 in the topsoil and 6.97 in the subsoil), organic carbon (3.28% in the topsoil and 2.86% in the subsoil), total nitrogen (0.43% in the topsoil and 0.35% in the subsoil), available phosphorus (15.5 mg kg⁻¹ in the topsoil and 14.03 mg kg⁻¹ in the subsoil), and microbial biomass carbon (388.9 mg kg⁻¹ in the topsoil and 199.9 mg kg⁻¹ in the subsoil). Moreover, C. macrostachyus recorded the significantly lowest bulk density at the mid‑canopy (0.71 g cm⁻³) and canopy‑edge (0.74 g cm⁻³) positions in the topsoil, and at 0.80 g cm⁻³ (mid‑canopy) and 0.83 g cm⁻³ (canopy‑edge) in the subsoil. The significantly highest soil moisture was 15.42% in the topsoil and 28.91% in the subsoil.

The study examined the integration of agricultural indigenous knowledge to sustainable transition with focus on pathways for modern development in Nigeria. Agricultural production is the backbone of any productive economy. Due to the rise in population in developing countries like Nigeria there is need to advocate for sustainable transition systems in the area of agricultural farming practices to enhance future development in the region. Qualitative approach was adopted to examine the case studies from various location in Nigeria. The study identified significance of agricultural indigenous knowledge in promoting productivity, climate resilience, and resource use efficiency among smallholder farmers. The study further highlighted the constraints to integration of these indigenous practices which includes poor assessment of the local knowledge, inadequate access to modern agricultural knowledge, and poor support from the existing institution on agriculture in the region. The agricultural indigenous knowledge is associated to rural regions with potentials to improve sustainable farming transitions due to pressure on the land for cultivation within the region. Most of the smallholder farmers are used to local practices which are limited for certain period of time, these practice often includes soil fertility practices, crop rotation, water management, pest and diseases control which can serve as solution to current challenges in modern agricultural production systems in Nigeria. This study focused on the integration of these indigenous agricultural practices by smallholder farmers in the region coupled with novel agricultural techniques to promote a sustainable system in the future. The study concludes that adoption of agricultural indigenous knowledge will help promote effective modern farming development among smallholder farmers and also will lead to sustainable transitions to the agricultural production systems in Nigeria. The study recommends that there should be advocacy for indigenous agricultural practices to harness the full potential of modern farming, thus leading to long term changes for the sector.

Introduction: Small businesses operate within increasingly volatile financial environments marked by constrained access to capital, rising input costs, and intensified market competition. Financial transformation encompassing digital financial management, restructuring of capital allocation, and strategic reinvestment has emerged as a critical lever for enhancing competitiveness and long-term resilience. However, many small enterprises remain locked in survivalist financial practices that limit growth potential. Problem statement: This study addresses the problem of suboptimal reinvestment decisions and weak financial adaptability among small businesses, which undermine productivity and market positioning. Methodology: Theoretical discourse has largely emphasized access to finance, with insufficient integration of dynamic reinvestment strategies and financial transformation capabilities as drivers of competitiveness, revealing a gap in strategic financial management literature. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative financial performance analysis of small firms with qualitative interviews of business owners and financial practitioners. Finding: The findings indicate that firms adopting structured reinvestment frameworks, supported by digital financial tools and forward-looking capital budgeting, demonstrate improved profitability, innovation capacity, and market responsiveness. Conclusion: The study concludes that financial transformation, when aligned with responsive reinvestment strategies, is a decisive factor in strengthening small business competitiveness. It recommends an integrated financial capability model that supports adaptive decision-making and sustainable enterprise growth.

Background: Sport marketing has come up to be an important tool for improving sports
development worldwide, especially in developing nations as in Nigeria where inadequate
funding limits infrastructure growth. Purpose of Study: This study examined sports marketing
as mobiliser for basketball facility development in Nigeria and also analyzed the influence of
marketing components such as sponsorship, media promotion, branding, and fan engagement on
the development of basketball facilities, Methods: The study used a mixed-method approach.
Data collection: A total of 436 samples were selected for this study. Data were collected through
the use of questionnaire administered to stakeholders in the Nigeria Basketball family.
Results: Findings indicated that sports marketing significantly contribute to infrastructure
development which attracted private investment, increasing revenue streams, and enhancing
stakeholder participation. It was however faced with challenges, such that her effectiveness was
limited by weak policy implementation, inadequate commercialization structures, and over-
reliance on government funding. Conclusion: The study concluded that reinforcing sports
marketing strategies can speed up basketball infrastructure development in Nigeria.
Recommendations: This included adopting public-private partnerships, improving media rights
commercialization, and implementing sustainable marketing structures.

Environmental accountability and protection has gained traction in the recent past. Sustainable waste management has become the point of interest for many stakeholders. Different jurisdictions have developed regulations on waste management to safeguard the planet and future generations. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) has emerged as the center of policy debate around the world, as it is considered a policy tool for promoting circular economy (CE) practices that transfer post-consumer waste management obligations from governments to producers. EPR ensures producers and manufacturers take responsibility for the physical end-of-life products they place on the market. The gazettement of the Sustainable Waste Management EPR Regulations, 2024, in Kenya, marked a significant regulatory milestone, mandating producer registration, take-back schemes, eco-design, and financial contributions for waste recovery and management. This review focused on the EPR framework and its implementation by synthesizing empirical studies, policy reports, and global best practices, and evaluating their implications on environmental performance, economic outcomes, and institutional capacity. It analyzed the alignment of Kenya’s EPR framework with international benchmarks, compliance levels, product design innovation, recycling rates, job creation, and financial sustainability, focusing on a number of key waste actors at policy and implementation levels. The literature consisted of 551 articles and reports extracted from key academic databases: Web of Science, Scopus, Springer, and grey sources. Boolean logic and keyword combinations, systematic screening, and content analysis was used. The PRISMA model was applied. The findings hint at limited downstream waste management effectiveness, pointing to opportunities such as enhanced waste collection and diversion, recycling, and value recovery. The results also showed existence of the primary challenge of conflict between the EPR policy intent and implementation. While the policy is in-tended to shift the burden of waste management from public sector to private producers, the effort is undermined by resistance to change, lack of awareness, enforcement gaps, and legal disputes. Additionally, there is limited policy and enforcement framework, misalignment of responsibility between producers, manufacturers and importers on the management of end-of-life products up-stream. Consequently, strong stakeholder involvement, clear sharing of responsibilities by producers, setting waste management targets for collection, recovery, and recycling, a progressive legal framework, public education and awareness, formalization of the informal sector, adoption of differentiated EPR fees, waste segregation at source, and targeted waste stream implementation is recommended.

The Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR) reopens a longstanding management question in a new
technological setting: how can firms employ new technologies while preserving the social and
institutional foundations on which productive activity depends? For African economies, the
spread of digital tools is only one part of the answer. Their value depends on how far they can be
joined to knowledge already held within communities and on whether relationships with external
organisations add to local learning and productive discretion. This paper examines digital
entrepreneurship from that perspective. It considers the contribution of universities, firms, public
agencies, development organisations, diaspora networks, investors and international research
partners to entrepreneurial learning, technology transfer, finance, knowledge exchange and
market access. Particular attention is given to what remains after collaboration has produced its
immediate outputs. A partnership is developmentally useful when African organisations retain
stronger capabilities, greater control over knowledge and a larger role in subsequent
innovation. On the basis of scholarship on digital entrepreneurship, indigenous knowledge,
inclusive innovation, collaboration and sustainable development, the paper develops an
integrated framework. Digital entrepreneurship and indigenous knowledge are treated as
different but complementary knowledge resources; inclusive innovation is the process through
which those resources are combined in locally useful solutions; and collaboration and
international partnerships shape the conditions under which such solutions contribute to
sustainable enterprise development. The argument is Africa-centred without implying economic
or intellectual isolation. It connects technological advance with cultural relevance, institutional
cooperation, participation and the distribution of value. Sustainable enterprise development
therefore depends not only on access to digital technology, but also on how knowledge, finance
and innovation relationships are organised and governed.

Casualization has become the most prevalent and persistent issues in the Nigeria academic
industries existing in both federal and state tertiary institutions in Nigeria. The high rates of
casualization of Academic and Non-Academic staff in the Nigeria universities has raised a
serious concern about the employee wellbeing and productivity. Therefore, this study focus to x-
ray the casual employment and work-life imbalance among contract-based staff in Nigeria
public universities with the aim of examining the effect of job insecurity associated with contract
employment on work-life imbalance among contract-based staff in Nigerian public universities,
assess the effect of workload and working hours on work-life imbalance among contract-based
staff in Nigerian public universities, determine the effect of remuneration and employment
benefits on work-life imbalance among contract-based staff in Nigerian public universities and
to examine the influence of organizational support and employment flexibility on work-life
imbalance among contract-based staff in Nigerian public universities. This study anchored on
Work-Family Conflict Theory. The study used secondary sources of data. The findings of the
study reveal that job insecurity and employment uncertainty associated with contract
employment has potential effect on the well-being and productivity among the contract-based
staff in Nigeria public universities. However, the study recommended that Nigeria University
Commission and Nigeria public universities should as a matter of urgency design effective and
strategic policies that strengthening conversion of long-term serving contract staff to permanent
and pensionable employment after specific years of service, the study also recommend that
Nigeria public universities should harmonize the pay and benefits between the permanent and
contract-based staff performing the same duties in the universities and excessive workloads and
unnecessary after-hours assignments should be minimized. Recent Nigerian university research
supports effective workload management as an important component of staff effectiveness.

Understanding how distinct work-ethics orientations translate into improved organisational performance is especially important in public institutions, where service quality depends not only on formal duties but also on employees' discretionary conduct. This study examined the direct and indirect effects of Islamic work ethics (IWE) and conventional work ethics (CWE) on organisational performance in The Gambia's public service. It addressed three research objectives: (i) to assess the effects of IWE and CWE on organisational performance; (ii) to determine whether organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) mediates the relationships between the two work-ethics constructs and organisational performance; and (iii) to establish which work-ethics construct exerts the stronger influence on organisational performance. A quantitative survey was conducted among civil servants in three priority ministries. Data were collected from 214 respondents through a self-administered questionnaire, representing a response rate of 56 per cent, and analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in SmartPLS version 3.3. The findings indicate high levels of both IWE and CWE among respondents. IWE, CWE and OCB were associated with organisational performance, while OCB mediated the relationship between each work-ethics construct and organisational performance. CWE emerged as the more influential predictor of organisational performance. The study concludes that OCB is an important mechanism through which work ethics translate into improved organisational performance and that a public-service culture combining clear ethical standards with citizenship-oriented behaviour can enhance institutional effectiveness. The study recommends that public-sector leaders institutionalise comprehensive ethics training, strengthen and consistently enforce codes of conduct, promote values-based leadership, and introduce recognition and human-resource practices that encourage cooperation, initiative and responsible conduct beyond formal job requirements. Although CWE demonstrated the stronger effect, ethical-development programmes should adopt an inclusive approach that reinforces both conventional and Islamic work-ethics principles. Ministries should also undertake periodic assessments of ethical climate, OCB and organisational performance, while future studies should extend the analysis to additional ministries and public institutions to test the generalisability of the findings.

The expansion of digital and hybrid work arrangements across African public sector institutions has intensified the need for conceptually grounded measures of remote work efficiency. Existing approaches frequently rely on outcome-based proxies such as performance or job satisfaction, leaving the underlying behavioral capacity insufficiently theorized. This study develops and validates the Remote Work Efficiency Measure (RWEM), a multidimensional construct capturing Task Discipline, Moral Commitment, Digital Adaptation, and Peer Collaboration within distributed work environments. Anchored in an integrative theory-generative mixed-methods design, the construct was derived from qualitative insights and refined through quantitative validation using survey data from public sector employees in The Gambia (N ≈ 113). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to assess reliability, validity, and structural relationships with productivity outcomes. Results indicate that RWEM operates as a differentiated behavioral system, with task discipline and digital adaptation showing positive effects on productivity, while moral commitment reflects a more complex relationship under constrained institutional conditions. The study contributes to emerging discussions on Africa’s Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR) by conceptualizing remote work efficiency as a form of adaptive human capital capability rather than a direct performance outcome. It further positions RWEM as a scalable measurement framework for evaluating workforce readiness in digitally evolving public institutions.

Graduate unemployment remains a persistent socio-economic challenge in many developing countries, despite increasing access to higher education. This study examines the structural mismatch between educational outcomes and labour market demands in The Gambia. Anchored in Human Capital Theory and skills mismatch frameworks, the study adopts a mixed-methods approach involving survey data from 150 graduates and interviews with 25 employers across public and private sectors. The findings reveal that 45.3% of graduates are unemployed, while 20.0% are underemployed, indicating significant inefficiencies in labour market absorption. Employers identified major skill deficiencies in practical experience (80%), digital skills (72%), and communication skills (68%). Inferential analysis further shows a statistically significant relationship between internship experience and employment status (χ² = 18.64, p < 0.05). Multiple regression results indicate that digital skills (β = 0.42), communication skills (β = 0.35), and internship experience (β = 0.78) are significant predictors of employability, explaining 54% of the variance in employment outcomes. The study concludes that graduate unemployment reflects systemic misalignment between education and industry rather than mere job scarcity. It recommends curriculum reform, strengthened industry collaboration, and expanded work-integrated learning to enhance human capital development.

This study examines physics teachers’ perceptions of gender inequality and its implications for inclusive innovation within Africa’s Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR). As 5IR prioritizes human-centered and socially responsive development, equitable participation in STEM, particularly physics, is essential for sustainable transformation. However, persistent gender disparities continue to limit diverse contributions to innovation ecosystems in Ilorin, Nigeria and across Africa. A descriptive survey design was adopted, involving 50 secondary school physics teachers in Ilorin, Nigeria, selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.73. Descriptive statistics and t-test analysis were employed to examine teachers’ perceptions and gender-based differences. Findings revealed that teachers widely acknowledge the existence of gender inequality in physics, linked to socio-cultural norms, limited female role models and unconscious classroom biases. Female teachers reported significantly higher perceptions of inequality than their male counterparts. These disparities were found to influence students’ interest, participation and career aspirations in physics, thereby restricting inclusive engagement in STEM fields. Within the 5IR context, the study highlights that gender exclusion undermines Africa’s capacity for inclusive innovation, citizen science participation and the integration of indigenous knowledge systems in scientific advancement. The findings emphasize the need for transformative and gender-responsive pedagogical approaches that foster equitable participation in physics education. The study recommends the integration of inclusive teaching practices, mentorship programmes and policy-driven interventions that promote gender equity and sustainable STEM participation in Ilorin/Nigeria/Africa’s evolving innovation landscape.

This study investigated the influence of entrepreneurship education and mentorship on graduate employability and venture creation at Kwara State University, Malete in Nigeria. The research examined how entrepreneurship education and mentorship impact graduate employability and venture creation in a Nigerian university setting. The study used a descriptive survey research design and sampled 83 postgraduate students using stratified and simple random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used as the primary data collection instrument. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used to answer the research questions, while simple linear regression analysis was employed to test the hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings indicated entrepreneurship education has a positive and significant effect on graduate employability (R = 0.545, p = 0.000) and venture creation (R = 0.523, p = 0.000). Mentorship also had a significant positive impact on employability (R = 0.510, p = 0.000) and venture creation (R = 0.568, p = 0.000). The study finds that entrepreneurship education and mentorship operate synergistically in support of each other as entrepreneurship education offers basic knowledge and skills required for entrepreneurial activity, while mentorship enhances their practical relevance and application. The study suggests the institutionalisation of mentorship through structured mentorship programs in entrepreneurship education, more practical and experiential learning, and greater institutional support through entrepreneurship incubators and industry partnerships, in order to enhance graduate employability and foster sustainable entrepreneurship in Nigerian universities.

This study investigated the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in promoting inclusive and accessible education for students with visual impairments at Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria. The study specifically examined the accessibility and utilization of AI-powered screen readers, the effect of AI-assisted digital tools on literacy acquisition, and the challenges affecting the effective integration of AI technologies in inclusive education. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population consisted of six undergraduate students with visual impairments, all of whom were used as the sample for the study. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, while qualitative responses were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that AI-powered screen readers were accessible and utilized to a high extent among students with visual impairments, with a weighted mean of 3.08, indicating that these technologies support academic participation and learning activities. The study further revealed that AI-assisted digital tools positively influenced literacy acquisition, with a weighted mean of 3.14, by improving reading comprehension, vocabulary development, writing skills, and students’ motivation to learn. However, the study identified several challenges hindering the effective integration of AI technologies, including limited internet connectivity, inadequate training, technical issues, insufficient institutional support, and the high cost of AI-assisted devices and software. The study concluded that AI technologies have strong potential to enhance inclusive education and literacy development for students with visual impairments if existing infrastructural and institutional barriers are adequately addressed. The study recommended improved internet access, regular training programs, and increased financial and technical support for effective AI integration.

Casualization has become the most prevalent and persistent issues in the Nigeria academic industries existing in both federal and state tertiary institutions in Nigeria with specific reference to Public Universities. This system of employment has far reaching consequences on the employee life balance as they have little or no job security, employment uncertainty and limited or no benefits in the workplace. The high rates of casualization of Academic and Non Academic staff in the Nigeria universities has raised a serious concern about the employee wellbeing and productivity. Hence, this study focus to x-ray the precarious employment and work-life imbalance among contract based staff in Nigeria public universities with the aim of examining the effect of precarious employment on job insecurity among the contract based employees in the Nigeria Public Universities and to also identify the underpinning/determinant factors responsible for contract employment in the Nigeria Public Universities. This study anchored on Conservation of Resources Theory. The study used secondary source of data. The findings of the study reveals that job insecurity and employment uncertainty associated with contract employment has potential effect on the well-being and productivity among the contract based staff in Nigeria public universities. However, the study recommended that Nigeria University Commission and Nigeria public universities should as a matter of urgency design effective and strategic policies that strengthening conversion of long term serving contract staff to permanent and pensionable employment after specific years of service. The study also recommend that Nigeria public universities should harmonize the pay and benefits between the permanent and contract based staff performing the same duties in the universities.

The 5th Industrial Revolution (5IR) brings together digital, biological, and physical systems, but Nigeria cannot fully take part in this transformation unless it rethinks how its university undergraduates are educated. These young people are meant to be the country's immediate future workforce, yet most of them still learn from a colonial-era curriculum that overlooks local ingenuity and does little to prepare them for emerging technologies. As a result, many graduates leave Nigeria for opportunities abroad as soon as they finish university, creating a persistent and painful brain drain. This qualitative study explores whether embedding indigenous knowledge into 5IR training can help Nigerian undergraduates move from brain drain toward brain circulation. Using a multiple case study design, the research drew on semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with university students across three Nigerian contexts. Thematic analysis of the data revealed four key findings. First, undergraduates learn more effectively when 5IR concepts are connected to real local problems. Second, students feel much more motivated when their indigenous knowledge is respected rather than dismissed as inferior. Third, involving students in citizen science projects, where they help collect local data, builds a strong bridge between classroom theory and community reality. Fourth, students strongly want universities to give formal accreditation to indigenous expertise alongside digital credentials. Based on student self-reports and lecturer observations, engagement and innovative thinking improved when training addressed locally relevant challenges. The study concludes that Nigerian universities must officially recognize indigenous knowledge alongside digital skills for undergraduates. Doing so will create a hybrid human capital model that reverses brain drain and builds a sustainable, youth-led path into the 5IR.

The spread of social media bots (automated accounts that simulate human behaviour) has drastically changed the digital information ecosystem, presenting problems like content authenticity, misinformation, and user trust. Most studies on bot activity have been in the West. Very few studies have focused on young adults of developing regions, Mostly Nigeria, on how they perceive and engage with such content. This paper explores the awareness, exposure, and engagement levels of Nigerian university students with bot-generated content on major social media platforms like Twitter/X, Facebook, and Instagram. Through a quantitative survey, students from different Nigerian universities were sampled, with a structured questionnaire that focused on three aspects: (1) awareness of bot-generated content and the ability to recognise it, (2) the degree and type of exposure to such content, and (3) engagement habits like sharing, liking, and commenting. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data for associations between demographic variables (age, gender, field of study, social media literacy) and the three aspects. Initial results indicate that most students are often exposed to bot-generated content, yet their awareness of the identifying signs is only average, and the rate of critical engagement, like fact-checking before sharing, is quite low. Besides, the study points out the lack of digital literacy which increases the risk of misinformation and manipulation. These results highlight the importance of media literacy programmes tailored for Nigerian higher education students to be able to critically assess content in a digitised environment dominated by bots. The article adds to the increasing discussions about AI, misinformation, and youth digital literacy in Africa by suggesting policy, curriculum, and platform-level changes.

The Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR) is rapidly expanding digital access across African universities, yet this transformation simultaneously exposes students to heightened risks of cyberfraud, both as victims and perpetrators. Building resilient human capital for Africa's digital future requires understanding the psycho-social competencies that protect youth from online deviance. This study examined the influence of decision-making skills on cyberfraud prevention tendencies among 300 undergraduates randomly sampled from federal, state, and private institutions in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria, using a descriptive correlational design. Data were collected using the researcher-designed "Decision-making Skills and Cyber Fraud Prevention Tendencies Questionnaire (DSPFRQ)," which demonstrated a reliability coefficient of 0.87. Findings revealed that undergraduates possess moderately strong decision-making skills (M ≈ 3.3–3.5), particularly in problem identification, outcome evaluation, and information-seeking. Students also demonstrated moderate cyberfraud awareness and prevention behaviours (M ≈ 3.2–3.3). A significant positive correlation was established between decision-making skills and prevention tendencies (r = .349, p < .001), with decision-making skills explaining 11.9% of the variance in prevention behaviours (Adjusted R² = .119, F = 41.38, p < .001). Notably, no significant differences were found across gender, age, academic level, or institution type, suggesting that decision-making competencies are universally applicable protective factors. The study concludes that as African higher education institutions embrace 5IR technologies, deliberate cultivation of ethical decision-making competencies must become a non-negotiable component of undergraduate curricula. Decision-making training and cybersecurity education should be integrated into university counselling programmes to foster digitally responsible citizens equipped for Africa's 5IR.

Africa continues to face persistent development challenges, including poverty, unemployment, inadequate educational systems, weak healthcare delivery, infrastructural deficits, and socioeconomic inequalities. In the digital age, these challenges are further exacerbated by limited access to information and communication technologies (ICTs), creating a digital divide that restricts participation in the global knowledge economy. This paper examines digital literacy as a strategic tool for addressing Africa’s development challenges and promoting sustainable socioeconomic transformation. The objectives of the paper are thus; i) to examine the nature and dimensions of the digital divide in Africa and its implications for socioeconomic development. ii) to assess the role of digital literacy in addressing key development challenges in Africa, particularly in the areas of education, employment, governance, and economic growth. iii) to propose strategic policy measures for strengthening digital literacy as a tool for bridging the digital divide and promoting sustainable development in Africa. The study adopts a quantitative and qualitative approach based on a review of relevant literature and policy documents to explore the role of digital literacy in enhancing development outcomes across the continent. The paper argues that digital literacy encompasses not only the ability to use digital devices but also the capacity to access, evaluate, create, and communicate information effectively through digital technologies. These competencies are increasingly essential for educational advancement, employment opportunities, entrepreneurship, innovation, and civic participation. The study highlights how improved digital literacy can facilitate access to online learning, digital financial services, e-governance platforms, and emerging economic opportunities, thereby contributing to inclusive growth and social development. However, the realization of these benefits is constrained by inadequate ICT infrastructure, unreliable electricity supply, high internet costs, gender disparities, and limited digital skills training. To address these barriers, the paper advocates for increased investment in digital infrastructure, inclusive educational reforms, capacity-building initiatives, and stronger public-private partnerships. The study concludes that bridging the digital divide through comprehensive digital literacy programs is vital for accelerating sustainable development, reducing inequality, and enhancing Africa’s competitiveness in an increasingly digitalized world.

Human capital development is fundamental to sustainable national development because it equips individuals with competencies required for economic competitiveness. In Nigeria, increasing national insecurity and persistent challenges in quality of science education have continued to threaten students' educational experiences needed for national transformation. This study examined the influence of national insecurity and quality science education on human capital development among senior school students in Ifelodun, local Government Area, Kwara State. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The target population comprised 200 public senior secondary school students randomly selected. Data were collected using a validated structured questionnaire. Reliability was established using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used to answer the research questions, and multiple regression analysis was employed to test the hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings showed that students perceived the level of national insecurity as high (M = 3.68, SD = 0.74), while the quality of science education was rated moderately high (M = 3.42, SD = 0.69). Human capital development recorded a mean score of 3.55 (SD = 0.66). Multiple regression analysis revealed that national insecurity had a significant negative influence on human capital development (β = −0.36, t = −7.84, p < .001), whereas quality science education exerted a significant positive influence (β = 0.58, t = 11.63, p < .001). Collectively, the predictor variables accounted for 52.4% of the variance in human capital development (R² = .524, F(2, 417) = 229.41, p < .001).The study concluded that addressing national insecurity while strengthening the quality of science education is essential for developing competent and innovative human capital capable of driving sustainable national development. It recommended increased investment in school security, science education infrastructure, teacher capacity development, and learner-centred instructional practices to enhance students' preparedness for future socioeconomic contributions.

Despite ongoing digital transformation in Nigerian higher education, visually impaired students continue to face significant barriers in accessing learning materials and participating effectively in academic activities. This study presents Unilorin-EVISVision, a human-centred assistive digital learning solution designed to advance inclusive digital learning for visually impaired students in Nigerian universities. The study draws on a mixed-methods market validation survey involving visually impaired students, lecturers, disability advocates, community leaders, university administrators, and policymakers across selected tertiary institutions in Nigeria.Findings reveal a persistent accessibility gap within university learning environments. Among surveyed stakeholders, 89.29% reported directly observing difficulties experienced by visually impaired students in accessing learning materials, while 78.57% indicated that these challenges occur daily. Additionally, 75% described the problem as “very common” in their institutions and communities. Major barriers identified include inaccessible learning materials (67.86%), high cost of assistive technologies (57.14%), inadequate disability support infrastructure (39.29%), poor internet and device access (35.71%), and social stigma (32.14%). The consequences of these barriers were rated highly severe, with respondents recording a mean severity score of 8.18 out of 10. Participants further identified poor academic performance, emotional stress, examination difficulties, delayed learning, and increased risk of dropout as major outcomes of continued exclusion. Furthermore, 85.71% confirmed reliance on existing assistive technologies, with an estimated average monthly expenditure of ₦296,565.22 on accessibility-related solutions.In response, Unilorin-EVISVision is conceptualised as a mobile and web-enabled assistive learning platform that integrates lecture recording, optical character recognition (OCR), text-to-speech conversion, accessible document reading, structured note generation, offline learning support, and compatibility with institutional learning systems. The study argues that locally responsive assistive technologies are essential for promoting educational equity, digital inclusion, and sustainable innovation within Nigeria’s evolving Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR) educational landscape.

Understanding Africa’s indigenous worldview is essential to any comprehensive history of education on the continent. Prior to the arrival of Islam and Christianity, Yorùbá society maintained structured systems of training that prepared children for social, cultural, and economic life. With special reference to the Igbomina, this paper examines the foundational role of education in Yorùbáland before external influence. It investigates how the eventual infiltration of Islam and Christianity and the trends in their outputs over the years have brought both benefits and drawbacks. Findings reveal that the wholesome functionality of the traditional education system prior the Oriental and Western types had been more enduring and effective since it is evident today that the recent educational system is unable to respond adequately to the far-reaching attitudinal and value changes that are sweeping the society. True education extends beyond literacy, numeracy, certificates, and white-collar employment. It also requires grounding in indigenous knowledge, which is often lost when schooling creates a cultural mismatch. The Igbomina-Yoruba of Eastern Yorubaland provide a concrete case of how Western education’s pervasive influence has reshaped and displaced indigenous systems of knowledge transmission, contributing to cultural erosion, identity loss, and dependency on external knowledge. These outcomes pose risks to agriculture and food systems, community development, health and wellbeing, science and technology, and the administration of law and justice. Drawing specifically from the Igbomina experience in Eastern Yorubaland, this study advocates for Africa’s self-determination through curriculum reform that integrates Afrocentric perspectives, indigenous knowledge, and contextualized learning, thereby fostering holistic development and lifelong education for sustainable communities. It employs historical analysis, surveys, interviews, and direct observations of Igbomina-Yoruba cultural events to contribute original insights to the literature on History of Education and African Cultural Studies.

Africa’s Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR) has intensified the need for innovative, inclusive, and sustainable educational systems capable of addressing contemporary technological and socio-economic challenges. In Nigeria, Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions are expected to equip learners with relevant skills for innovation-driven development. However, the persistent neglect of indigenous knowledge systems in TVET programmes has limited the capacity of these institutions to promote inclusive innovation and respond effectively to local community needs. This study therefore, examines the role of indigenous knowledge integration in fostering inclusive innovation in Nigerian TVET institutions. The purpose of the study is to determine the extent to which indigenous knowledge integration contributes to inclusive innovation in Technical and Vocational Education in Nigeria. The study also seeks to examine how educational leadership practices can support the integration of indigenous knowledge systems for sustainable transformation in the era of Africa’s Fifth Industrial Revolution. The study adopts a quantitative research approach using a descriptive survey design. The population comprises administrators and instructors in selected TVET institutions in Nigeria. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire, while descriptive statistics while Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used for data analysis. The findings reveal that indigenous knowledge integration significantly contributes to inclusive innovation through improved creativity, practical problem-solving, entrepreneurship development, and community participation in TVET institutions. The study also reveal that effective leadership practices positively influence the successful integration of indigenous knowledge systems into vocational education programmes. Based on the findings, the study recommends that educational administrators and policymakers should promote curriculum reforms that integrate indigenous knowledge into TVET programmes. It further recommends leadership capacity development, increased collaboration between TVET institutions and local communities, and the provision of supportive policies that encourage inclusive and innovation-driven vocational education in Nigeria.

Competency-Based Education (CBE) has significantly reformed the education sector. This new approach not only requires well-prepared but also adequate teacher workload. Teachers being frontline implementers of the curriculum, directly shape how learners experience CBE, and their perceptions significantly influence both the delivery process and learning outcomes. In Trans-nzoia West Sub-county, just like the other parts of the country, the transition to CBE and the establishment of junior schools have come along with new demands and challenges. Part of the challenges that this study sought to examine was teacher’s perception regarding workload in supporting CBE implementation. Teacher student ratio, and the number of lessons handled by a teacher not only affects a teacher’s perceptions but also influences the teaching approach one is likely to adopt. The study was anchored on constructivist learning theory, which emphasizes on learner-centered learning. The study made use of concurrent mixed method design. The study targeted 60 junior schools in trans-nzoia west sub-county comprising of 288 teachers involved in CBE implementation from which a sample size of 64 teachers was selected. Data collection involved teacher’s questionnaire, and interview guide. Content validity for research items was reviewed by experts while a pilot study was conducted to ascertain reliability with Cronbach’s Alpha reliability. Study findings indicated that learners in relatively smaller class sizes perform better than those in large class sizes. This was supported by majority of teachers with mean of 3.58, and standard deviation (SD) of 0.696 acknowledging that they used limited learning approaches in large class sizes. Chi-square tests indicated significant associations between teacher perception on workload and CBE implementation (ꭓ2=80.07, p=0.000).

This study examines the institutional impact of the Centre for Internationalisation and Strategic Partnership (CISP) at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria, from 2009 upto 2026. Established to propel the university into the global academic arena, CISP has served as a critical vehicle for advancing higher education excellence, fostering regional collaboration, and driving sustainable development. Utilizing historical and multidisplinary methods of data collection and analysis comprising institutional data analysis, policy reviews, and stakeholder interviews—this research evaluates the strategic mechanisms employed by the Centre to expand the university’s global footprint and the impact of these on regional collaboration and Sustainable Development over the study period. The findings reveal that between 2009 and 2026, CISP successfully facilitated over a hundred bilateral partnerships, significantly increasing international faculty and student mobility, collaborative research outputs, and cross-border curriculum development. Within the West African sub-region, the Centre anchored vital academic networks that addressed localized challenges through shared intellectual capital, thereby strengthening regional integration. Joint research initiatives brokered by the Centre yielded actionable solutions in renewable energy, food security, and public health, directly benefiting local and regional communities. Ultimately, this paper demonstrates that CISP has not only elevated the University of Ilorin’s global ranking and academic prestige but has also established a robust blueprint for how African higher education institutions can leverage strategic internationalisation to foster sustainable societal growth.

Persistent underperformance in NECO SSCE Mathematics has raised concerns about the fairness of test items for different student groups in Nigeria. This study investigates Differential Item Functioning (DIF) in the 2024 NECO Mathematics multiple-choice questions to determine whether items favored certain groups. The study had three main objectives: (i) to examine gender-based DIF, (ii) to examine DIF based on school type (public vs. private), and (iii) to determine DIF by school location (urban vs. rural). A descriptive survey design was used. The sample included 294 Senior Secondary School students in Ilorin, Kwara State, selected using stratified sampling to fairly represent different genders, school types, and locations. The instrument was a set of 60 standardized NECO Mathematics multiple-choice items. Logistic regression was used to detect DIF. Findings revealed that: on Gender: 56 items were fair, but 4 favored male students; with respect to school type, 19 items favored private school students while on location, 5 items favored urban students. In total, 28 items showed moderate to large DIF, suggesting possible bias that could affect test validity and fairness. The study recommends revising biased items, aligning test content with diverse learning environments, and using contexts familiar to all students—regardless of gender, school type, or location.

Teacher’s productivity is the cornerstone of any educational system that aspires to produce citizens who are knowledgeable, skilled and globally competitive. Serious decline in teacher’s productivity in public schools has been reported by previous scholars which is attributed to lack coordinated school supervision. Therefore, this study examines the effect of supervision practices on teacher’s productivity in public secondary schools with a few to recommend how school supervision practices can be improved to achieve better teacher’s productivity. Three research questions with two hypotheses were formulated in the study. Descriptive research design was adopted with 100 selected secondary school teachers across Ilorin South Local Government of Kwara State Nigeria using a multi-sage sampling approach. Researcher’s designed questionnaire tagged “Supervision practices and Teacher’s productivity” was used to gather responses from selected teachers. Frequency distribution and percentage mean was used to measure the demographic variables. Multiple regression analysis was used at 0.5 significance level was used to test the hypotheses. Findings showed that supervision practices were implemented at high level with weighted mean of 3.17 with administrative oversight and provision of instructional materials as the most consistently practiced dimension. Teacher’s productivity was perceived high with weighted mean of 3.57 and teacher’s perceived supervision was perceived to have a high positive effect on their productivity with weighted mean of 3.47 while multiple regression analysis revealed that supervision practices jointly has statistically significant effect on teacher’s productivity with F (8, 91) = 5.693, p-value < 0.001, R2 = 0.334, explaining approximately 33.4% of the variance; among all individual supervision dimensions, only administrative oversight (= 0.259, p = 0.032) reflected a statistically significant contribution. The study therefore concluded that an integrated supervisory approach anchored by administrative oversight and complimented by classroom visitation, feedback, mentoring and professional development is the most effective measure to enhance teacher’s productivity. It was recommended that Principals institutionalize regular classroom visitation, formalize mentoring for early career teachers and enforce administrative oversight consistently.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education has the potential to change the processes of teaching and learning especially in mathematics education where problem-solving, critical thinking and individualized learning are keys. This study analyses opinions, practices and challenges of mathematics teachers in the integration of AI tools into instructional practices in senior secondary schools in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Growing global interest in AI-enabled educational technologies has not resulted in empirical attention to teachers’ perceptions and experiences of the practical usage of AI in the mathematics classroom. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design with a sample of 50 male and female mathematics teachers from public and private secondary schools with different qualifications and teaching experiences. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation. The findings show that teachers seem to view AI as a promising educational technology that can enhance the delivery of instruction, student academic performance, and student motivation, engagement, challenge, and collaborative learning. The study also shows that AI applications can assist personalized learning by considering the unique variations and learning demands of learners. However, issues related to implementation, accessibility, and teacher preparedness continue to be major concerns. The findings provide valuable insights into teachers’ experiences with the integration of AI and lay the groundwork for the establishment of policies, training programs and practical guidance for the successful integration of AI technology into mathematics instruction.

The rapid growth in the volume of academic research outputs has created significant challenges in the efficient storage, retrieval, accessibility, and reuse of scholarly information, particularly within higher education institutions. The ability to retrieve relevant academic information at the appropriate time is essential for supporting effective research and preventing unnecessary duplication of scholarly efforts. In postgraduate education, researchers often experience difficulties in identifying existing dissertations and research projects that are closely related to their proposed studies, especially when relevant works are stored in separate repositories or are not effectively cross-referenced. The absence of an efficient system for integrating, retrieving, and comparing existing research works may result in limited knowledge reuse, difficulty in accessing relevant academic materials, and the duplication of research topics under different supervisors. This study therefore developed a web-based Information Retrieval System (IRS) for the storage, retrieval, and cross-referencing of postgraduate dissertations and research projects. The methodology adopted the Vector Space Model (VSM) in combination with Context Mapping and Cross-Referencing using Surjective Mapping to determine the relevance and similarity between proposed research works and existing dissertations. A Cross-Referencing Searching Algorithm was implemented to compare research documents based on their topics, aims, objectives, and methodologies. The system also analyses document contents and user search phrases to identify and rank relevant research works according to the context of the user's query. The developed system was evaluated using standard Information Retrieval performance metrics, particularly Precision and Recall, as well as a user acceptability test to assess the relevance, effectiveness, usability, and overall performance of the system. The results demonstrated that the developed system was capable of efficiently retrieving relevant academic documents and identifying similarities between proposed research works and existing dissertations. The system further enabled users to search, view, and download previous research works, thereby improving access to relevant academic knowledge. The integration of Context Mapping and the Vector Space Model enhanced the system's ability to interpret search context and determine the relevance of retrieved documents using an incremental relevance calculation approach. The system also provided an effective mechanism for identifying potentially duplicated or closely related dissertation topics, including research works conducted under different supervisors. The study concludes that the integration of the Vector Space Model with Context Mapping and Cross-Referencing offers an effective approach to improving postgraduate research information retrieval, knowledge accessibility, and research reuse. The developed system contributes to the body of knowledge by providing a centralized and intelligent platform that supports researchers in discovering relevant previous studies, facilitates efficient academic information retrieval, and assists institutions in reducing research duplication and promoting the effective reuse of existing scholarly knowledge.

Anaerobic digestion is a proven technology for renewable energy production. However, its efficiency is often limited by poor hydrodynamic mixing within the digester, which results in dead zones, reduced mass transfer, and uneven substrate distribution, thus ultimately lowering methane production. This study therefore investigates the influence of hydrodynamics on mixing efficiency and bio-methane production potential using an approach of mathematical modelling. A two-dimensional incompressible flow model based on the Navier–Stokes equations was adopted and coupled with a tracer advection–diffusion equation to simulate slurry flow and mixing behavior. The two governing equations were non-dimensionalised using Reynolds and Péclet numbers respectively there after a discretization was done using the finite difference method.
Numerical simulations were then implemented using MATLAB. An optimization framework was integrated into the system of equations, by treating inlet velocity as the control variable and evaluating mixing efficiency through concentration distribution and dead zone analysis. The simulation results indicate that at a Reynolds number of 2100, the flow exhibits transitional characteristics with incomplete mixing and a significant dead zone fraction of approximately 31.6%. Velocity contours reveal limited circulation, while tracer distribution shows non-uniform concentration patterns across the domain. As the Reynolds number increases, flow circulation improves, resulting in enhanced mixing, reduced stagnation regions, and more uniform tracer distribution. The results further demonstrate that transport is predominantly advection-driven at higher Péclet numbers, leading to improved dispersion of tracer within the digester. In conclusion, the study confirms that hydrodynamic conditions play a critical role in determining mixing efficiency and, consequently, bio-methane production potential. Increasing inlet velocity enhances mixing performance by reducing dead zones and improving substrate distribution. The developed model provides a computationally efficient framework for analyzing and optimizing anaerobic digester performance and offers a foundation for future integration with biochemical reaction models.

Construction of road networks by the Kenya National Highways Authority (KeNHA) in the North Rift Region is essential for improving regional integration, trade and socio-economic growth in support of Kenya's Vision 2030. However, such projects have been plagued by issues including cost overruns, delays and quality issues. This research seeks to investigate the association between monitoring and evaluation (M&E) practices and performance of KeNHA road construction projects in the North Rift Region. This included four M&E practices: performance evaluation, field visits, budget management and stakeholder involvement. It also considered the moderating role of government policies on the relationship between M&E practices and project performance. The study was informed by the Theory of Change, complemented by Program Theory, Agency Theory and Stakeholder Theory. It used a correlation research design (quantitative approach) to examine the nature of relationships between variables. The quantitative approach was applied to develop the research design of descriptive and correlation design. Questionnaires were used to collect data and a sample of 129 respondents who are KeNHA staff involved in the project were selected. Data was analyzed using the SPSS version 29, using descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple linear regression models, which included the interaction terms to examine the moderating role of government policies. The findings revealed that monitoring and evaluation practices had significant positive relationships with project performance, while government policies also showed a significant moderating influence on the relationship between M&E practices and project performance (p = 0.000). The regression analysis showed that the unmoderated model explained 53.6% (R² = 0.536) of the variation in project performance. When government policies were introduced as a moderating variable, the explanatory power increased to 59.4% (R² = 0.594), confirming that government policies significantly strengthened the relationship between M&E practices and project performance. The research found that M&E is a crucial practice in improving project performance but is not effective in the North Rift Region because of the lack of an effective feedback mechanism, lack of enforcement and delays in policies. It suggests strengthening the corrective action processes, enforcement of site visits, budget management, participatory stakeholder engagement and simplifying government approvals to enhance project performance.

Nigeria's power sector continues to face significant challenges, including poor service delivery, limited transparency, delayed complaint resolution, and weak accountability mechanisms. These issues underscore the need for innovative digital solutions that enhance stakeholder engagement and improve service performance. This study presents POWERPOLICE, a web-based digital accountability platform developed to strengthen electricity service monitoring through real-time complaint reporting, customer feedback integration, and performance tracking. The platform was developed using a structured system development methodology and modern web technologies to create an integrated ecosystem that connects electricity consumers, utility providers, and regulatory agencies. Its core features include complaint registration and tracking, power outage reporting, transparency dashboards, and service performance analytics, enabling efficient communication and evidence-based decision-making among stakeholders. POWERPOLICE replaces fragmented and opaque complaint management processes with a centralized and transparent digital framework that enhances coordination, improves institutional responsiveness, and reduces operational inefficiencies. The platform also provides actionable insights that support utility providers and regulators in monitoring service quality and identifying recurring operational issues. System evaluation demonstrates improvements in accountability, response time, transparency, and user confidence in the complaint resolution process. The study contributes to the digital transformation of public service delivery by demonstrating how civic technology can strengthen governance and operational efficiency within Nigeria's electricity sector. The proposed solution also offers a scalable model for improving accountability and service delivery across other critical public infrastructure sectors.

Herein, the impact of incorporating a redox-active electrolyte into the pristine electrolyte on the specific capacitance of a sludge-based activated carbon (SAC) electrode was investigated, with a focus on the electrolyte concentration. KOH-activated carbon (SACK) was prepared from wastewater sludge via activation followed by carbonization. The SACK was characterized in terms of its structure and morphology, which were determined using XRD, SEM-EDX, BET, and FTIR. Using 6 M KOH as the pristine electrolyte and mixtures of 6 M KOH with varying concentrations (0.05 M, 0.1 M, and 0.15 M) of potassium ferrocyanide (K4Fe(CN)6), the electrochemical characteristics of the electrode created using SACK were examined in a three-electrode setup. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) suggests the coexistence of an Electric Double Layer Capacitance (EDLC) and pseudocapacitive contribution arising from a Faradaic redox process. The specific capacitance from galvanostatic charge–discharge analysis (Csp, GCD) at 0.5 A g-1 is 65.0, 88.4, 116.3, and 71.7 F g-1 for 6 M KOH, 6 M KOH + 0.05 M K4Fe(CN)6, 6 M KOH + 0.1 M K4Fe(CN)6, and 6 M KOH + 0.15 M K4Fe(CN)6, respectively. Specifically, the addition of 0.1 M K4Fe(CN)6 to 6 M KOH exhibits the best performance, with a 78% enhancement compared to the base electrolyte (6 M KOH). The enhancement is attributed to the combined contributions of the carbon electrode's electric double-layer and pseudocapacitive behaviour, brought about by the redox reaction of [Fe(CN)6]4-/[Fe(CN)6]3-.This work highlights the potential of redox-active electrolytes at a particular threshold concentration as a simple and effective strategy to improve the specific capacitance of carbon-based electrodes for supercapacitors.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into mathematics education is transforming teaching and learning processes in higher institutions. This study investigated the influence of ChatGPT-generated hints delivered through Google Classroom on the problem-solving speed and continuous assessment performance of first-year Mathematics students at Kwara State University of Education, Ilorin, Nigeria. Guided by Cognitive Load Theory, the study adopted a quasi-experimental posttest-only design involving two intact tutorial groups. The treatment group (n = 72) received scaffolded AI-generated hints through Google Classroom Practice Sets after two unsuccessful attempts, while the comparison group (n = 68) received similar support from human tutors. Both groups completed ten algebra-based tasks selected from the first-year mathematics curriculum across three instructional sessions. Data were collected through Google Classroom analytics and a Continuous Assessment (C.A.) quiz. Independent samples t-test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) were used for data analysis. The findings revealed that students exposed to ChatGPT-generated hints solved mathematics problems significantly faster (M = 3.21 minutes, SD = 0.87) than students who received human tutor hints (M = 4.58 minutes, SD = 1.12). The treatment group also performed better in continuous assessment scores. The study further showed that AI-supported instruction reduced cognitive load and improved learning efficiency among students. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the university research ethics committee, and students’ data privacy was protected throughout the research process. The study concluded that integrating AI-powered assistants into learning management systems can improve mathematics learning outcomes and support digital transformation in higher education.

Nigerian universities have digitised their teaching, research, and library services at a remarkable pace, yet this progress carries a quiet cost. Campus networks now store sensitive research data, institutional repositories, and student records that are growing more attractive to attackers each year. Against the backdrop of Africa's Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR) where inclusive innovation, indigenous knowledge, and citizen science are reshaping how universities create and share knowledge protecting these digital spaces is no longer optional; it is essential for the trust that underpins collaboration for U6+ member institutions. This paper reports a systematic scoping review conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines of cybersecurity frameworks relevant to academic and library networks in Nigerian universities. Searches across Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar yielded 61 records published between 2020 and 2026, of which 38 met the inclusion criteria for narrative synthesis. The review assessed how well four widely used frameworks : NIST CSF 2.0 (2024), ISO/IEC 27001:2022, CIS Critical Security Controls v8.1 (2024), and CVSS v4.0 fit the Nigerian context alongside evidence on threats, governance gaps, and resource constraints. Findings show that ransomware, phishing and credential theft are the dominant threats and that international frameworks are known in principle but rarely applied in practice. The real barrier is not a lack of good standards, it is the absence of governance structures, adequate funding and trained people to put those standards to work. Drawing on this evidence, the review proposes a contextualised Nigerian University Library Cybersecurity Profile (NUL-Cyber Profile) that pairs global standards with affordable, locally appropriate safeguards, community-engagement strategies and a regional collaboration model for U6+ member institutions. The paper closes with practical recommendations for university leaders, library managers, NITDA, and the NUC.

Onions (Allium cepe L.) are one of the most well-known, commonly eaten bulbs, and economically important Allium crops. Estimates of post-harvest loss in onions exceed 40%, significantly reducing farmers’ income. This research evaluates the effectiveness of some low-cost onion storage facilities. Bamboo Basket, Raffia Baskets, Mental Basket, Clay pot, Normal Sand (Sandy Soil), Sea Sand, Sawdust, and Refrigerators were evaluated for physiological weight, rotting, spouting, the incidence of black mould, and marketability. These parameters were taken at the interval of 10 days for 120 days. The mean physiological weight loss of the bulbs irrespective of storage facilities increased from 2.0% at 10 days after storage to 8.5% at 120 days after storage. The rotting of the bulbs regardless of the storage facilities increased from 6% at 70 days after storage to 5.5% at 120 days after storage. The maximum percentage spouting was recorded under the refrigerator at 85.5%. The maximum black mould was noticed in bulbs stored in Clay pots at 13.5%. The maximum marketable bulbs were 91.5% recorded under metal Basket, and 90% recorded under both Sawdust and Sea Sand. The results obtained from this study revealed that Metal Basket, Sawdust and Sea Sand are highly effective and significantly prolong the shelf life of onions, hence, recommended for use to farmers.

Traditional Computer Science (CS) capstone project supervision often suffers from a "black box" syndrome, where the development process remains opaque to supervisors until the final submission. This disconnect frequently leads to severe student procrastination, poor architectural planning, and a lack of alignment with industry-standard engineering practices such as Continuous Integration (CI) and collaborative peer review. This study introduces a cloud-native, infrastructure-agnostic supervision model designed to bridge the industry-academia skills gap. The framework changes the focus of teaching from the final software product to a clear, milestone-driven engineering process. By employing GitHub Classroom as a virtual laboratory environment, the Framework implements four mandatory technical gates: architectural validation using Diagrams-as-Code (Mermaid.js), automated quality assurance via CI/CD (GitHub Actions), social coding audit through pull requests, and deployment and performance verification. To measure progress, we propose and validate the Weighted Technical Proficiency Rubric (WTPR), which maps these GitHub-native artifacts to the IEEE SWEBOK v4.0 professional standards. As an infrastructure-focused design paper, we demonstrate that the framework provides a scalable, zero-cost blueprint for high-fidelity supervision. Initial logic validation suggests that the framework successfully mitigates "big-bang" submissions by enforcing continuous transparency and provides students with a verifiable digital engineering portfolio to enhance employability.

As global energy demand accelerates, sustainable green energy solutions are a multifaceted priority. According to Michael Grätzel, solar energy incident on Earth far exceeds global daily requirements; however, capturing this energy efficiently and sustainably remains a challenge. While silicon-based photovoltaics dominate the market, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) offer a compelling, low-cost, biodegradable alternative. A primary bottleneck in DSSC performance is the narrow spectral response of individual natural dyes compared to synthetic ruthenium complexes. This study investigates the synergistic potential of four locally sourced botanical sensitizers: Bloodleaf (Iresine herbstii), Black Jack (Bidens pilosa), and Potato Tree berries (Solanum erianthum). Natural pigments were isolated via solvent extraction using ethanol and methanol. Optical characterization was performed via UV-Vis Spectrophotometry to evaluate absorbance and Light Harvesting Efficiency (LHE) while FTIR was used to identify critical anchoring groups (carboxyl and hydroxyl units). Initial data indicates that Bloodleaf and Potato Tree berries provide strong anthocyanin-based absorption in the 500–680 nm region, while Black Jack response spans 400–500 nm range. These experimental parameters serve as the foundation for numerical modeling using the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) to optimize a panchromatic cocktail. It is anticipated that the optimized blend will bridge individual spectral gaps, yielding superior short-circuit current density and power conversion efficiency. This research demonstrates that strategic combinations of invasive and common plant species can effectively mimic expensive synthetic sensitizers, supporting the shift toward fully organic, biodegradable solar technology.

New transition metal complexes of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) were successfully synthesized with Schiff base ligands formed by the condensation of isonicotinic acid hydrazide with indoline-2,3-dione and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde. The complexes were obtained in moderate yields as coloured solids with sharp melting points. Comprehensive characterization was carried out using physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques. Molar conductance measurements indicated low values, confirming the non-electrolytic nature of the complexes. Infrared spectral analysis revealed that the Schiff base ligands generally acted as bidentate donors coordinating through the azomethine nitrogen and carbonyl oxygen atoms, except in the Cu(II) complexes where the ligands behaved as tridentate ONO donors. Electronic spectral data suggested that the Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) complexes adopt tetrahedral geometries, while the Cu(II) complex exhibits an octahedral geometry. The in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans using the disc diffusion method. Several metal complexes showed notable antimicrobial activities, and in all cases the metal chelates displayed enhanced activity compared to the free Schiff base ligands. Overall, the successful synthesis, spectral characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of the Schiff base ligands and their corresponding metal (II) complexes have been demonstrated.

Garcinia kola Heckel (Clusiaceae) is an important African medicinal plant traditionally used for the management of diseases associated with oxidative stress. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activities of solvent fractions of Garcinia kola seeds. Dried seeds were extracted successively with n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) were determined using standard spectrophotometric methods and expressed as gallic acid equivalents (mg GAE/g extract), quercetin equivalents (mg QE/mL) and catechin equivalents (mg CE/g extract), respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and the phosphomolybdenum assay (PMA). The ethyl acetate fraction contained the highest TPC (2.331 ± 0.001 mg GAE/g extract) and TFC (0.372 ± 0.037 mg QE/mL), whereas the n-hexane fraction exhibited the highest TTC (119.5 ± 10.2 mg CE/g extract). The ethanol fraction demonstrated the greatest DPPH radical scavenging activity (76.99 ± 0.47%), while the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity (97.34 ± 0.22%). The DCM fraction exhibited the strongest reducing capacity in both the FRAP assay (1.235 ± 0.030 mg Fe(II) equivalent/g extract) and the phosphomolybdenum assay (0.887 ± 0.019 mg EDTA equivalent/g extract). Antioxidant activities generally increased with extract concentration and varied among solvent fractions. Garcinia kola is a rich source of phytochemicals with significant antioxidant potential. The ethyl acetate fraction was particularly enriched in phenolic and flavonoid compounds and exhibited excellent free radical scavenging activity, whereas the DCM fraction possessed the highest reducing power. These findings support the potential application of Garcinia kola as a natural source of antioxidant compounds for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical development.

Cannabis sativa has long been used ethnomedicinally for inflammation-related conditions, but the phytocompounds responsible for COX-2 and lipoxygenase inhibition remain poorly characterized. This study integrated virtual screening against COX-2 (3Q7D), 15-LOX (4NRE), and 5-LOX (6N2W), and rat paw edema models to identify anti-inflammatory leads. Dried C. sativa leaves were sequentially extracted (methanol, then water; 300 g, 2.5 L, 72 h). Adult albino rats (n=6/group) were orally pre-treated with methanol or aqueous extract (100–400 mg/kg), diclofenac (10 mg/kg, positive control), or saline (10 mL/kg, negative control) before carrageenan or formalin-induced paw edema; paw thickness was recorded over 180 min. Twenty GC-MS phytocompounds plus diclofenac, meloxicam, and NDGA were docked against the three receptors in PyRx (Chimera prep; Open Babel ligand prep; Discovery Studio/PyMOL/LIGPLOT post-docking analysis). Results: Both extracts significantly reduced paw edema (p<0.05). In carrageenan-induced edema, methanol extract (400 mg/kg) reduced paw thickness by 25.51% at 90 min, while aqueous extract (400 mg/kg) sustained inhibition through 180 min (18.13%; p<0.05). In formalin-induced edema, aqueous extract produced significant inhibition at 200 mg/kg (20.32%) and 400 mg/kg (18.48%), whereas methanol extract was significant only at 400 mg/kg (9.97%; p<0.05). Multi-receptor docking identified isoaromadendrene epoxide as the top-ranked compound, with binding affinities of −10.4, −9.3, and −10.5 kcal/mol against COX-2, 15-LOX, and 5-LOX, respectively, outperforming reference drugs. Cannabinol ranked second against COX-2 (−8.9 kcal/mol versus diclofenac −6.9 kcal/mol) and shared a CYS 47(A) active-site interaction, highlighting both compounds as promising multi-target anti-inflammatory candidates for further investigation.

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are highly vulnerable to cyberattacks due to their decentralized architecture, dynamic topology, and resource constraints. Existing machine learning-based intrusion detection systems often prioritize overall classification accuracy while overlooking false negative errors that allow attacks to remain undetected. This paper proposes an Adaptive Error-Aware Light Gradient Boosting Machine (AEA-LGBM) framework that integrates adaptive sample weighting, error amplification, adaptive threshold optimization, and SHAP-based feature optimization to minimize missed attacks while maintaining computational efficiency. The framework was evaluated on a realistic NS-3-generated MANETs dataset containing 39,036 flow records using a leak-free 70%–15%–15% train–validation–test protocol and compared with conventional machine learning models and LightGBM variants using both conventional and error-sensitive performance metrics. AEA-LGBM reduces the False Negative Rate from 9.42% to 0.56%, 99.44% recall and maintaining fast inference performance. Therefore, the framework is suitability for deployment-oriented intrusion detection in resource-constrained MANETs environments.

This study explored the relevance of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) in explaining students’ readiness to adopt AI chatbot-based support services in Nigerian universities, with particular attention to University of Ilorin and Al-Hikmah University. The rapid integration of digital technologies in higher education has encouraged universities to introduce chatbot systems to support academic and administrative activities. However, the success of these innovations largely depends on students’ readiness, acceptance, and willingness to use them effectively. The study adopted a convergent mixed-method design that combined quantitative and qualitative approaches. In the quantitative phase, structured questionnaires were administered to 342 undergraduate students from the two universities to measure key TAM constructs such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude toward use, and behavioural intention. To enrich the findings, 25-item semi-structured interviews were conducted to examine students’ experiences, expectations, and concerns regarding chatbot-based support services. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and independent samples t-tests, while qualitative data were analysed through thematic analysis. Results showed that students generally demonstrated moderate to high readiness to adopt chatbot technologies. Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use significantly influenced students’ intention to use chatbot systems. Students valued the convenience and continuous accessibility of chatbots, although concerns regarding data privacy, response accuracy, and limited human interaction were also identified. The study recommends strengthening digital literacy and improving institutional ICT infrastructure to enhance effective adoption.